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Welcome, everybody.
Imagine you're a student and
you've spent the better part of the last
two semesters building your aerospace
project.
Now you're quite fed up with it and you
need a way to get it away from you
as quick as possible as far as possible.
What better than using a balloon or
even a rocket?
Exactly. For this, there is rexes in
Texas.
And if you're wondering
who is crazy enough to travel
to the high north, freezing their fingers
off, setting it all up, well,
just talk to Pentagon Sayf.
And give them a warm round of applause.
So welcome to our talk on the Texas
and Texas Project, which is
one way to get your student experiments
into space, or if you're a teacher, you
can propose
a topic for your students to do so.
We both are simple
students from Yena and Munich,
and we are not talking in the name of the
Texas program or the organizers.
We just share our insights as
participants in the program.
So basically, Texas and Texas
is your flight ticket into
space for an experiment that you designed
the program.
Texas and Texas has realized under a
bilateral agency agreement between the
German Aerospace Center
DLR and the Swedish National Spaceport
SNB, which is some of the counterpart,
the Swedish of the German dialog.
Furthermore, the Swedish share
of the payload has been made accessible
to teams from ESA.
And also
there are a lot of organizations involved
in this project that
support the teams and the design and
development of their experiments.
So first for
the Texas Rexall stands for rocket
experiments for university students,
and it's basically a cheap launch system
with two launches per year.
These are formally of these
rocket motors are formerly
military rockets, surface to air rockets
that are repurposed to
lift the scientific payload
instead of warheads.
Basically, we can use these rockets,
can carry up to five experiments
and they are unguided rockets.
So there's no active
vector control, for example,
and they are simply spin stabilized.
And the scientific payload is about 30
kilograms, so
as you can see, there are several modules
there and
basically normally there are four
modules as these as
these ring modules and there may
be one behind
or below the nosecone.
Then there are Texas, Texas experiments
are
simply balloon experiments.
Atmospheric research balloons,
you have a gondola where you can put your
experiments inside.
These are up to six experiments per
balloon and
the.
Plastic balloon is just
filled with helium and then goes
up to about 35
kilometers and eight.
And you have still communication
during the flight with your experiments.
So all these launches take place
from Kiruna Space Center in
northern Sweden, near a town called
Kiruna, just
then you have a rough estimate.
Well, it is.
So if you go there in summer, it looks
like this.
Basically, that's also one of
the reasons to have the space center
there, there's a lot of nothing.
So if the payload and the mortars
fall back to ground, no one is hurt.
And so it is a safe place to be.
You also see in the foreground this
big pad, the balloon pad,
that's where the balloons are launched.
And in the background where you have
you are basically in the center of the
image of the rocket
launch pad.
And there are multiple launches
there for different rocket types.
Because they are of course, they are not
only this rocket launch launch there,
but also other technology experiments.
So how about all the organizations
involved? So
this table shows somehow
a rough estimate of how these
organizations work together.
They make bridge the borders
to other services.
So basically from from
the beginning on this, the deal our
space administration involved and as an
MP involved, as basically a financial.
Yeah, or providing the
financial capital
to just
conduct the experiments and the flights
and costs for travel
and so on.
So and
also in this case also is
of the Swedish where they are
all involved in the project
management, so they basically lay out how
the the project
faces are, which dates
to use and so on.
Then there comes a subcontractor, which
is sort of which is the center of applied
space technology in microgravity
environment.
They have a drop tower facility
where you can do microgravity
experiments.
And they are also involved in the
Texas and Texas program here.
They basically are then
advising all the teams throughout the
project.
And are the direct
partners to talk to if there are
problems.
The other organizations are, of course,
visible, so they are involved, for
example, in the decision process, which
experiments should be selected,
but they are not directly involved
usually in the
design of the experiments.
Then there still our Muradova, which is
another part of are namely
the mobile rocket base, they
are responsible for doing the launch
together with SASE, the Swedish Space
Corporation, SASE owns
S range, for example.
So they are providing
all the necessary
infrastructure for the launch, the
launch itself and the rocket motors
and so on.
So there are a couple of phases of the
project, as I already mentioned.
So first of all, the first step is
the selection workshops.
So you submitted a proposal to
the Texas and Texas committee
and they decide
whether it looks interesting what you are
doing, whether it looks feasible
with given time
constraints or financial constraints.
And if the experiment gets selected,
there are several
design reviews or reviews,
these are usually at the end
to or at the end of one
part of the project to fulfill one
milestone.
And they are
going with increasing granularity
on just the details
as your project evolves.
So, for example, at the preliminary
design review, they are usually just
the rough plan still,
but not the final project yet and nothing
tested yet, so to say.
And so this
just goes on until the bench test,
for example, which is one
of the tests where all the experiments
are connected together and
it's basically just some
a couple of months before the launch
campaign.
So I was involved in the experiment
we did fiber optic vibration sensing
on board such a rocket,
which was Rexes 15,
which was also last year in summer,
we were a bunch of students from
the city of Munich.
And basically
the core team were six people, one
of these students for ordinary
undergraduate students and one PUCA.
So the experiment involved
some some laser optics
or lasers and fiber optics, I could
design software had to be written
and so on.
So.
What did we want to do?
So basically we used
fiber optic sensors to vibration
sensing and embrace and sensing means
effectively measuring acceleration.
So how can you use a fiber to measure
something? One of these possibilities
is a so-called fiber brake.
Creating a fiber optic writing
is in principle, a normal
fiber.
But what's the difference that it does
not transmit all light from
one end to the other, but it has
an inscribed periodic change
of the refractive index so
that you can see with these these
dishes inside the fiber.
This basically
make the fiber behave in a way that
one specific wavelength
that we call the brake wavelength
is reflected to the input side.
And of course, on the transmission side,
you see an absorption line.
So that alone would not
allow us to measure anything.
But this bright way
of life depends on the temperature, for
example. So if we increase the
temperature by one Kelvin, we see a shift
in the peak wavelength of this
bright wavelength by
10 kilometers.
And the same way if you take a one meter
long fiber and
expand it to
buy one micrometer, you'll see also a
shift in one meter of the wavelength.
So this way we can, for example, attach a
seismic mast to the fiber.
And if force acts on the
mass, we see an extension of the fiber.
So the
we see a shift in the wavelength.
And if we follow the shift in the way of
life, we can calculate the
acceleration on this mass.
So what are the benefits of this
technology in first place?
So, first of all, this allowed to build
quite lightweight and the systems,
if you compare that, for example, to
normal resistive strain.
GODUS We don't need isolation
on the cables because this is just a
fiber and we don't have any interference
or electromagnetic compatibility
issues with other
other electronics around.
Also, there are no spiric,
so we can place it quite close to
propellants, for example, or we could put
off that. We could think of a fiber that
we just put on the complete rocket
and have also multiple sensors inside
this fiber.
And we don't get any issues
with the the present
parts that are around this.
So.
They are already exist
studies and
papers on how to use
fiber optics or fiber optic ratings
for space applications, but these are
mainly
lab setups.
So these are not tested in flight
and they are only a few examples
where this was done.
So we thought whether it is
possible to operate such an FPGA favor
by creating a measurement system on the
rocket and
just see how it turned out.
So these were our fiber optic
sensors, so the first one is the
accelerations and this one is
a sensor that we that we bought.
We also developed our own own one,
but we couldn't use it in the end.
So we need to use the
fallback solution.
The overload capability is plus minus 53,
which is important, but you will see
later.
Normally the rockets so there's a
Texas Menuha that
has several specifications on the rocket
and it says that the expected
maximum acceleration is about 20 or
25 to.
So this should be sufficient,
we thought then
we also have one
fiber optic, a temperature sensor
that you can see here, and that's also
attached nearby the reference center
for the accelerometer.
We also we also need a reference center,
which is was a normal MEMS based
electrical sensor that was placed close
to the fiber optic Costanza's
and a lot of other temperature sensors
around the modular.
So how how does such
an optical system with these five Ulbrich
ratings work? So first of all, we have
a light source that produces
a very wide band or broadband
of infrared light.
This was done by a normal pump
laser and an erbium dubbed
fiber.
So then this very bright light
goes through a five o'clock coupler and
then split up into three beams
that then go to each of our
3s and also to accelerate
accelerometers, fiber optic
ones and one temperatures.
So from there, it goes through a
50 50 coupler and to the
sensor.
From there, the light gets reflected
and goes back to the coupler
and comes to a so-called interrogator
Chip.
The interrogator chip basically measures
and the first path, it has an air field
in front of of
the light and a diode.
And so we can measure the filter current
of the diode. And we know basically that
the wavelength of
the grating.
Because also the light source
might have some fluctuations in the
intensity of light that it
produces, we also need a reference of the
total emitted light that we received.
So we also have one path without
the edge filter to have an absolute
number.
What was the input like?
Basically for four hours and.
So this is such a rexes rocket.
The rocket is about six meters long.
Our experiment was directly
under the nose cone
or below the nose cone, not with not with
the nose cone. The nose cone was empty.
And below us, there were three
other experiments.
There was, for example, Medusa from the
University of Rostock Ostracod
are two from the University
of Strathclyde and
an experiment called iStock from
Stockholm.
And as you can see,
there are some some severe parts
on it.
So these are hatches because
all these three experiments had so-called
free fall in units.
These are injectables that you can
eject from the rocket that
then fly fly down
the normal way. So these are,
for example, they can be used to test
tube sets, which was the case for
Astrocyte.
Therefore, you have this 10 to 10
centimeter hatches
for four ostracod.
Then there's the service module
that's from Morawa and the recovery
module that's also from the so
every experiment gets several.
Interfaces, for example, power, for
example, a data downlink
provided from the service module and the
data is then transmitted by the service
module to the ground station and then
below the recovery module.
There's the improved
Orion Motor.
So how did our experiment look
like? As you can see, it
is basically just this
this module with
three hundred fifty six millimeters
in diameter and we have
a power supply there and we have the
light source, as I said.
And from there, the light goes to
the fiber couplers throughout through
this beam splitter.
So you can see
that there are three colors and basically
the black part
below the orange fiber cables
that are, you
know, rolled up there
is below the one
of the one, two, three split us and
then we get three output signals.
So from each of the five of us,
we go one
or one goes to the temperatures
and the other to go to the
accelerometers.
And from
there it goes back to the five
Markopoulos and one way
goes, of course, back to the light
source. But we ignore that and the other
part goes to the interrogator trips.
From there it goes onto Bisbee's
through several filter stages and a
microcontroller that then stops all the
data on an SD card and also
transmits part of it down to the ground
station.
So that's this onboard data handling
part.
So how does such a launch look
like?
Hi.
Ow, ow, ow,
ow, ow,
ow, ow.
And this is the view from
the so-called Science Center, so there
are basically two locations where you
can be during such a rocket
launch because they are,
of course, safety regulations there.
So one is the science center, which
this recording comes from, which
is about one kilometer away from the
launch site. And then there's
the so-called radar here,
which is about two or more
kilometers away.
And.
As you can see, basically from the same
sentence that you don't see that much,
but we also had other experiments
on the rocket, so
they also had a camera on board the
rocket. And we can also see the view from
inside the rocket to the outside.
So first of all, the rocket that you see
there is not our rocket that is flying,
that was just another empty rocket that
was placed there that's normally
below the the tower.
And they just moved away the tower of it.
So
the the sound in the end,
you probably noticed it stopped,
so first of all, you notice
the spinning, which is at the rate of
about four Ferhat that's just to
stabilize the rocket during the flight,
because as I said to this unguided,
then you probably noticed that we
were above the clouds after about seven
seconds.
And the other
thing you noticed is the sound that.
Somehow, it probably sounded,
yeah, you probably don't know where it
comes from, it's just the air that flows
out of the modulus because of the lower
pressure outside.
So that's basically the sound that you
can hear. And in the end,
you also hear that there was
the sound disappeared.
That's because there was not enough air
anymore for the microphone to.
And then we have a third one,
this is.
So this was done by
Mahaba, and
so it goes.
So that was another rocket, but they
mounted a camera on top of the rocket
launcher and.
Just see how it goes.
So
it goes quite fast.
So we had
to go now to our results, we
first have the temperature measurements
and you can see that there's some
spike from the five.
So the first thing is both
measurements are quite close together.
So the sensing is correct,
we can say.
The other thing is that we noticed is
that at basically liftoff
time tippler, zero seconds, we
have a spike in from the
fiber optic Cosenza, which is
basically because the fiber acts as
far as an accelerometer in this case,
because there's still a small mass
attached to the fiber, but still
it's a mass.
So we can measure or we can see
the acceleration inside this temperature
profile.
The other part is that we have
the acceleration from our
normal sensor and the fiber optic
sensor and we see that something
bad happen. So at the beginning,
everything seems to fine.
But then at liftoff, something changes.
So what has happened?
So that was the the flight
direction, so there's that access
and basically a 60 milliseconds
before we get the official liftoff
signal, that's the time between ignition
and the rocket moves.
Basically, we see
a very high acceleration that exceeds
our down
for us for the
four hour accelerometers, the fiber
optic ones.
And basically
the sensor could
not get into the old position or some
parts inside were damaged.
And so we had an offset of minus
23 around.
But still there were
some there was some signal and we can
adjust it by rescaling
and adjusting the offset of the fiber
back to the normal profile.
So we can see that we reached about
a third degree of acceleration.
Of course, this is outside the spec of
the accelerometer. So these are not fully
trustable values, but that just
shows that there's
quite some energy at the start
at least,
that exceeds the normally measured
acceleration values.
So the outcome was that
on the one hand, we can operate such
a five regulating based measurement
system on this rocket, but on the other
hand, there are still some problems that
need to be solved or need to be avoided
in the future that
have to do with the
issues that you normally don't see.
If you sample too slow,
that you can see these very high
accelerations at the beginning.
OK, so now I will talk about the soccer
team, where a team of
quite a small team of five engineering
students from Ghana and the eastern part
of Germany, and
the basic idea behind our car was that we
wanted to build an ADP receiver
to place it, for example, in the A
because in a densely populated area, for
example, at the Atlantic.
So there's no really
control of the aircraft which are flying
there. And the idea was that we wanted to
build a small receiver which can operate,
for example.
And the goal was that we receive
these ADP data, which are
transmitted from airplanes
every second, nearly every seconds
during a Texas flight and
wanted to test the experiment during
the flight. And we choose
the Texas flight because we had much more
longer time where we can
measure these airplanes.
And one of the questions was
we are in pretty high
of 30 kilometers or so, so
from which distance can we receive
any airplanes anymore?
So that's a very rough overview
of the experiment.
So we have our airplanes which are
transmitting these ADP signals every
second, and then we have KIOKO
experiment which receives
these data.
We are saving the data onboard and
then there's eeling, the so-called
eeling module in the back
balloon, and we
can transmit the data back to Earth and
see it in the grounds of the current
station and also save the data, the.
Yes, another topic, we have our ADP data,
which are coming from the outside and we
have at the outside of
our.
We have the antenna mounted and
then we have the ADP receiver,
which is in our module,
and we have an FPGA where
we do all the signal processing stuff
and decoding the frames which are coming
from the airplanes.
And then we have a small
computer which saves the data
and also downlinks the data
down to us.
And also we could talk to
experiment and
set some commands during the flight.
The electrical concept is relatively
simple.
We have an RF receiver
do the data center at a frequency
of around one point, one gigahertz.
So we are filtering the data.
We are amplification, we have an
amplification stage.
Then we have a few other filters and
amplifiers and then
we have a logarithmic detector.
And the data from the logarithm detector
directly is input in an
ADC analog to digital
converter. And then we are doing the
signal processing stuff in the FPGA
and the FPGA
since the decoded data
where a similar connection
to the computer where we can save
it and start data.
And we had an Internet
connection because the ceiling is
mainly
a WiFi connection,
something like that.
It has a little bit more power than the
WiFi connection, but basically it's a
WiFi connection.
We had some problems with the
front end. We used it on the first
prototype, we used the so-called mini
ADP. You can take a look at the entire
well documented.
And the problem was
that there was only one amplifier and
it oscillates a lot.
So we split the
amplification into two stages and then we
had no problems with amplification
and so on. And you can see here, that's
our second prototype.
And there are the amplification
is put into two stages.
And we built a base
for the so-called base, but we
had an FPGA on underneath
it, and the base part contains
the direct receiver.
You can see it here.
You can see here the ADC, the analog
to digital converter, and
that's our computer,
which was also developed by us.
And it
was stacked on top of that.
The computer was developed by Honeysett,
is one of our team members
during his master's thesis and runs
Linux and
what it was designed for low power
consumption. So it also fits in our
concept that we wanted to build a
receiver which consumes
basically nothing.
Well, not really a lot of energy.
And you can see here a chart
where we put all together, so in total
we had power consumption, less than one
watt. So we think that's quite OK.
But for example, we would to use the
experiment during a satellite flight
down the Internet
connection wouldn't be needed anymore.
So the power consumption could
be reduced further because
the Internet connection consumes the
most energy in the whole experiment.
Mechanical, we built
quite a simple mechanical or
metal box, you can see it here in the
in the left where we have to
connect the connectors outside from
the left, the connect
over the antennas mounted.
Then we have the power connection.
And on the right we have these
on a connection and three
elements where we could see some
indicators or some areas.
For example, when we went
when the experiment was not in the.
A look inside of the box, it was
really only just a metal box,
and we had here our our
base board, our computer,
and that's the connection with which goes
directly in front.
And here we had an IED,
a material only for isolation
and some total
isolation of doing the.
In October last year, the experiment
experiment was started from whence you
saw some pictures before,
at ten fifty one we
reached a floating level of around
twenty eight kilometers.
But we had a lot of
we had a strong horizontal wind.
So the balloon had to be cut down at
12 o'clock.
The problem is that they are not allowed
to fly in the Russian
sector.
So we landed or later we landed
in Finland and it was
good luck that we landed there.
And that's a picture of our gondola.
You can see here that was our small
experiment.
That's the power box where the batteries
are located inside, and
that's the so-called eeling module,
which is basically a WiFi connection.
And that was another
experiment from, I think, Bologna
and a five
that they had done some
metrological measurements in the
atmosphere doing the floating
face.
Um, Tattooer says
basically the experiment worked very
well, we could track a
lot of airplanes during the flight and
in total we received around 200
thousands more text messages
and in total debt, around
110 unique airplanes
we could see.
And the maximum distance was around six
hundred twenty kilometers.
But we expected more.
We expected a distance from around
1100 kilometers.
And the problem was that we had some drop
outs with our in our air.
FLINK So we think that we had the broken
antenna connection with which was.
Mostly likely
due to a mechanical problem
to transport, so.
He has a picture during the flight.
You can see that that was the airplane,
which was from the
highest distance, six hundred,
20 kilometers around, and that
he in the middle, that's Cuba now
and also Cuban airport.
I'm in blue.
We have developed most modest
messages we received during the flight
and
at this time we had the launch and
the count of Motets messages
increases a lot.
And then we had this degradation you can
see during the flight.
And we think that that's the reason
because of the broken antenna connection.
So from time to time, we had a lot of
messages we received and then, for
example, for two minutes due
to count of messages dropped
out completely or nearly completely.
So we had really problems with our
antenna.
But all we received a lot of
our and we could say, OK, the experiment
is working well, actually.
Terms of the behavior, the monitored six
Equador courtesy sensors in the
experiment to monitor the temperature
and at the launch pad, and
during the experiment when it was on
the launch pad, the temperature
rises and then, of course, we are
the balloon was rising and the
temperature was rising until
around the outside temperature
at minus 40 degree.
And then the gondola was
moving slowly into the
sun and then the sun was
shining directly on our experiment.
So the temperature rises again.
OK, so we made a short.
Timelapse move?
No, I've no
real movie of the launch
and nobody in the team had a movie
of the balloon start,
but we made a short time lapse,
we can see.
Here in the bright yellow cards,
how colors, how colors is
the launch vehicle address, which
you can see the gondola which is mounted
there, and the balloon
is on the left.
OK, during after
the flight, we replayed all
the data we received and made a
small time lapse movie where you can see
the airplanes flying around
Sweden and Norway.
Dancers and singers, for example, to
show you only one thing is, for example,
UFC Akuna Airport and
you see airplanes which are flying
to CUNA land and fly again.
And of course, you can see a lot of
airplane routes or
streets in the air,
which you can which we could track during
the whole flight.
OK, and if you have or
if you want to build an experiment and
you want to participate in the works
aspects of the program, you may be ask
yourself now, how could I do that?
And we think the first idea is that
you have to get an idea.
And we have only
written some questions down.
For example, was the experiment
in similar kind already flown?
Can we improve the early experiment
which was flown
some years ago or so again?
And we need external support, which
is critical for your experiment.
For example, do we need any labs which
cannot cannot be provided by
the suspects program or do we need
external finance support and so
on, so on?
And we think that
it's in the first hand.
It's important that you find people who
are motivated to work
in this project, for example,
because those projects are running for
around 10 or 11 months, whereas
rexes programs are running for 12
months, No.
13, 18 months.
So that's a lot of time.
And you have to do it, or mostly all
during the during your
study at university.
So you also need people
who are motivated at very important thing
in the works aspects of the program.
And we can say from previous
experiments, mostly
the problem is that the
people lost the team or left the
team and the team
had a lot of problems with the workload,
which has to be done until the launch
campaign.
So the next possibility to
try to call for proposal or two to write
a paper for the
selection workshop opens in summer
2016.
And for German
students, you should you must
not. But you should write a letter of
intent until
the beginning of August next year.
And for European students, they should
register at the Education
Project database and
write down that they want to participate
in the program.
And for details you should see at
Suspects Stuxnet, because
there's everything listed and you
can read it later.
OK, some acknowledgments
we have the first team that were the team
members of the first team A.
We were this team
thanks to the guys who
brought us these images and so on.
And the videos you saw, for
example, from Derek Subcircuit,
we are from the Isaach experiment and
from Guillaume Awaba.
And if you read if you want to read
a little bit more, we have
some Web pages written down
and if you have questions.
Also talk to us later or
let us an email.
To have some time left,
five minutes, 15
on the thank you.
Yeah.
Yes.
OK, so we can show
just a few images
from the campaign
and then we do a Q and A, so this is the
team photo of the
rexes, 15 and 16 teams
that were that were there.
So you see, these are quite a lot of
people involved.
And these were only the people that were
sent to the launch campaign
that may be or they are even more people
involved in the project itself.
And this is, again, the photo,
but for us, 18 and 19.
So, again, a lot of people
yeah, well.
Maybe we can we can open for a Q
and A..
Thank you very much for the phone.
Please give them a warm applause.
If you have any questions, please line up
at the four microphones we have here
while you're doing this off
to the signal Angel relaying a question
from Iasi.
We currently have a question regarding
funding and regarding
the costs involved with launches.
Can you maybe elaborate
a bit on the costs for
launching with rexes of Texas,
maybe cost per kilogram
also and the total
funding for such a launch?
So I don't know the total funding,
but the launch itself is free.
So that's paid by the suspects us.
So that's free for the teams, basically
what the teams have to pay
or not.
The teams also get some money,
for example, to build the modules and
some specific parts
that are built, for example, by his
arm or by other companies
where you just buy these things
and everything that
exceeds that amount.
I don't have an exact figure a couple
of thousand euros
that then has to be paid by your own
or you have to develop it by your own or
you need a lab of your university
or some some machines of your university
so that you can can
just see.
Where you can get other
support or other sponsors
for these parts.
The question from the front, right
microphone.
OK.
OK, hello,
I have a question regarding the fiber
optic measurements you did,
because you explained that it has some
advantages, for example,
that it can be built very lightweight.
Now, my question is, did
your experiments
had or do you hope that your experiment
will have some effect on the development
of these measurement
systems for actual emissions
from NASA or the DLR,
for example, some kind of
fiber optic measurements being done
on?
So what what lies in the future?
So I don't know of any
specific plans or things,
but so
we see that there are some problems
with the fiber optics.
But in total, due to
the due to that, that you don't
need no more isolation
from the of the fibers
compared to electrical cables
so that
there might be some
some programs, but nothing specific
that I know of.
Can I ask a follow up question is not
one. Can you give a rough estimate
on how much weight you
can save in comparison to
the models used currently for
measurement.
Not by heart. Sorry.
Okay. Thank you.
From left microphone.
Hi, thanks for the talk.
I'm interested in some numbers for both
Texas and Texas.
What's the kind of flight duration you
can achieve and what about the maximum
altitude?
Yeah, so the altitude I think we had
on the on the slide is for
the Texas rockets, about
80 or 70 to 90 km.
So it depends, of course, on the mass of
the rocket.
And usually you try to get
all the experiments that started for
this rocket also on the rocket that you
don't have to fly an empty experiment.
So therefore, you probably
just take away some of the heat and just
take the the heavier
experiment.
But so our flight, because all
our modules were quite heavy, our flight
was only up to eighty eight point
seven kilometers.
But the our sister Flight
16 was to 86 or 87
kilometers.
A question from our signal angel on Iasi,
somebody wanted to know what happens
to the rocket when it reaches
its high point, the highest
altitude, does it come back can
sometimes be used for things like that.
So the 80 kilometers are not
sufficient to get the experiments
into orbit.
So basically everything falls down again.
There will be or usually there's a motor
separation, so the motor falls down
before the payload and then
sometime later the payload comes down
again.
This is so that the
payload falls back on
on a parachute.
And you can see that here
how it looks like after this couple
of slides. So that's just
the payload without the
the motor. That's how it is mounted on
the on the launcher.
And that's basically how it's
how those 15 came back
from a left microphone.
I think you missed some of my question.
I also wanted to know about the flight
duration of Texas and
Texas as well.
So the Texas flight
this hour, three minutes up and then
probably about,
I think, eight minutes or so
down, but most of the time
it's on the parachute.
So that's nothing special anymore
happening.
Texas is a little bit complicated to say.
So, for example, how long?
Our flight was only about two hours
or so. But for example, one of
the last Texas flight, which flight
this year in October this year, that a
very long flight because there were no
horizontal winds.
So there are pictures where the
balloon was launched two hours ago and
they could take a photo from
the launch pad where the balloon
was visible in 30 kilometers
height. So it could be quite
long. And it depends on the horizontal
winds, for example, and also on the
constraints of the experiments.
Some experiments wants to want to have
a long duration of measurement and some
experiments want to have a slower
duration of flight of
floating because, for example, they only
want to take measurements in the rising
and falling.
Are there any more questions?
It does not look like that, so
please give a warm round of applause to
penitents.