0 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:30,000 Dear viewer, these subtitles were generated by a machine via the service Trint and therefore are (very) buggy. If you are capable, please help us to create good quality subtitles: https://c3subtitles.de/talk/928 Thanks! 1 00:00:13,720 --> 00:00:15,839 Any one of you ever been to 2 00:00:15,840 --> 00:00:16,840 Cuba? 3 00:00:18,630 --> 00:00:20,100 Oh, yeah, I'm jealous. 4 00:00:21,770 --> 00:00:23,939 I haven't been there. 5 00:00:23,940 --> 00:00:26,039 But, yeah, there are some 6 00:00:26,040 --> 00:00:26,939 debates in Cuba. 7 00:00:26,940 --> 00:00:29,309 Well, maybe also your question of 8 00:00:29,310 --> 00:00:31,409 what about the Internet and Cuba and 9 00:00:31,410 --> 00:00:33,599 maybe other alternatives to 10 00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:34,739 the Internet in Cuba. 11 00:00:34,740 --> 00:00:37,169 And that's what for next talk 12 00:00:37,170 --> 00:00:39,659 will be about the Internet and Cuba 13 00:00:39,660 --> 00:00:41,369 and alternatives to the Internet and 14 00:00:41,370 --> 00:00:42,599 Cuba, please. 15 00:00:42,600 --> 00:00:44,759 A warm, welcoming applause 16 00:00:44,760 --> 00:00:46,799 for Will and Eduardo. 17 00:00:50,370 --> 00:00:51,370 Don't forget to. 18 00:00:56,630 --> 00:00:57,950 Awesome. Yeah, so 19 00:01:00,770 --> 00:01:02,300 this is going to be 20 00:01:03,370 --> 00:01:05,749 a big construction of the official 21 00:01:05,750 --> 00:01:08,059 state of what it actually looks like 22 00:01:08,060 --> 00:01:10,189 and then hopefully a little bit more 23 00:01:10,190 --> 00:01:12,379 about what's actually going on and 24 00:01:12,380 --> 00:01:13,729 how people are getting access and what 25 00:01:13,730 --> 00:01:15,649 access looks like in Cuba. 26 00:01:15,650 --> 00:01:18,079 Yeah, I'm well, I'm a 27 00:01:18,080 --> 00:01:20,359 postdoc at the University of Michigan and 28 00:01:20,360 --> 00:01:21,889 I'm a college student finishing my 29 00:01:21,890 --> 00:01:23,069 engineering degree in Cuba. 30 00:01:24,090 --> 00:01:25,039 Yeah, great. 31 00:01:25,040 --> 00:01:26,269 So let's let's dove in. 32 00:01:27,530 --> 00:01:29,779 So when 33 00:01:29,780 --> 00:01:32,269 you look at what sort of official 34 00:01:32,270 --> 00:01:34,369 Internet looks like in Cuba, 35 00:01:34,370 --> 00:01:35,989 the sort of place we are going to have to 36 00:01:35,990 --> 00:01:38,119 start is a tax, which 37 00:01:38,120 --> 00:01:40,249 is the national 38 00:01:40,250 --> 00:01:42,439 telecom telephony provider 39 00:01:42,440 --> 00:01:44,179 and also ISP. 40 00:01:44,180 --> 00:01:46,669 They've got a bunch of storefronts 41 00:01:46,670 --> 00:01:48,769 around around major cities and around the 42 00:01:48,770 --> 00:01:49,770 country. 43 00:01:50,270 --> 00:01:52,429 And for for sort of 44 00:01:52,430 --> 00:01:54,189 short term tourists. 45 00:01:54,190 --> 00:01:55,669 What this looks like is you're going to 46 00:01:55,670 --> 00:01:57,769 go buy these cards. 47 00:01:57,770 --> 00:01:59,929 They come in one to five hour 48 00:01:59,930 --> 00:02:01,549 denominations. 49 00:02:01,550 --> 00:02:03,649 You scratch off the pin, you find a 50 00:02:03,650 --> 00:02:05,689 Wi-Fi hotspot, you enter this username 51 00:02:05,690 --> 00:02:07,939 and password and it gives you 52 00:02:07,940 --> 00:02:09,169 some access for a little bit 53 00:02:11,450 --> 00:02:13,579 for for sort of citizens of Cuba 54 00:02:13,580 --> 00:02:14,899 who who are living there. 55 00:02:14,900 --> 00:02:16,549 They have something that feels somewhat 56 00:02:16,550 --> 00:02:18,289 similar. They'll have a longer term 57 00:02:18,290 --> 00:02:20,479 username and password account 58 00:02:20,480 --> 00:02:22,190 with with the service called now to 59 00:02:23,570 --> 00:02:25,489 they load a balance and they walk in with 60 00:02:25,490 --> 00:02:27,649 their their sort of long term ID 61 00:02:27,650 --> 00:02:28,849 whenever they go to get Internet. 62 00:02:30,470 --> 00:02:32,749 And the Internet is a place 63 00:02:32,750 --> 00:02:34,999 you go to. And I think this maybe sort of 64 00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:37,339 reflects again on what we 65 00:02:37,340 --> 00:02:39,559 what you may have heard in the 66 00:02:39,560 --> 00:02:41,419 open observatory talk yesterday, that 67 00:02:41,420 --> 00:02:43,309 there's this the sense of the Internet as 68 00:02:43,310 --> 00:02:46,279 a place this is not an uncommon 69 00:02:46,280 --> 00:02:48,499 sight to see in the evenings is a bunch 70 00:02:48,500 --> 00:02:50,449 of people going to their local park, 71 00:02:50,450 --> 00:02:52,579 which is where the Wi-Fi hotspot is to 72 00:02:52,580 --> 00:02:54,499 to get their Internet fixed for for the 73 00:02:54,500 --> 00:02:55,500 day. 74 00:02:57,960 --> 00:02:58,960 Yeah. 75 00:02:59,750 --> 00:03:01,879 So this graph shows briefly 76 00:03:01,880 --> 00:03:04,219 how the Internet, the local 77 00:03:04,220 --> 00:03:06,379 hotspots in Cuba are these two with this 78 00:03:06,380 --> 00:03:08,839 one slightly off dated the newest one. 79 00:03:08,840 --> 00:03:10,789 So it's they are like five hundred and 80 00:03:10,790 --> 00:03:12,889 eight hotspots around the country 81 00:03:12,890 --> 00:03:14,569 right now. But with these graphs, you can 82 00:03:14,570 --> 00:03:15,949 actually see what's kind of the 83 00:03:15,950 --> 00:03:17,389 distribution there have. 84 00:03:17,390 --> 00:03:20,059 So, for instance, in Havana, there's 85 00:03:20,060 --> 00:03:21,739 at the moment of this graph being made, 86 00:03:21,740 --> 00:03:24,439 there were 60 while in Santiago de Cuba. 87 00:03:24,440 --> 00:03:26,539 There were twenty seven of these. 88 00:03:26,540 --> 00:03:29,089 These are the numbers in each province 89 00:03:29,090 --> 00:03:31,279 augmented to a point, I think about 90 00:03:31,280 --> 00:03:33,439 it right now, has like two hundred 91 00:03:33,440 --> 00:03:35,269 hotspots or something like that. 92 00:03:35,270 --> 00:03:37,099 You can check for more information in the 93 00:03:37,100 --> 00:03:39,289 Texas website on this 94 00:03:39,290 --> 00:03:40,969 particular bit. 95 00:03:40,970 --> 00:03:43,309 So the prices of the Internet 96 00:03:43,310 --> 00:03:45,529 at the beginning wants to take to 97 00:03:45,530 --> 00:03:47,539 the service. About two years ago, the 98 00:03:47,540 --> 00:03:49,639 price was of two six. 99 00:03:49,640 --> 00:03:51,769 Then after a while, the drop in the 100 00:03:51,770 --> 00:03:52,849 price to 150. 101 00:03:52,850 --> 00:03:55,069 And right now the price is standing 102 00:03:55,070 --> 00:03:56,879 still one S.P.C.A. 103 00:03:56,880 --> 00:03:58,909 where for some reference, let's say once 104 00:03:58,910 --> 00:04:00,989 you see it's one, it's 105 00:04:00,990 --> 00:04:02,749 the equivalent to one American dollar or 106 00:04:02,750 --> 00:04:05,179 one euro, just four 107 00:04:05,180 --> 00:04:07,729 cents on the amount of the price 108 00:04:07,730 --> 00:04:09,709 it takes a has plans of well, to lower 109 00:04:09,710 --> 00:04:11,959 the price of these of these 110 00:04:11,960 --> 00:04:14,359 cards in some point in the future, even 111 00:04:14,360 --> 00:04:16,489 more so. 112 00:04:16,490 --> 00:04:18,169 But the point here, right, is this is 113 00:04:18,170 --> 00:04:20,148 still more expensive than you might pay 114 00:04:20,149 --> 00:04:21,149 on an airplane flight, 115 00:04:22,220 --> 00:04:23,749 just as another point of reference. 116 00:04:23,750 --> 00:04:25,519 Yeah, and those are quite expensive. 117 00:04:27,050 --> 00:04:29,569 So, yeah. 118 00:04:29,570 --> 00:04:31,699 So what does mobile Internet looks like 119 00:04:31,700 --> 00:04:34,069 then in Cuba? This is a page for 120 00:04:34,070 --> 00:04:35,809 Notar webmail. 121 00:04:35,810 --> 00:04:37,049 So these are services. 122 00:04:37,050 --> 00:04:39,229 It takes out roughly at the same 123 00:04:39,230 --> 00:04:41,459 time as the connectivity 124 00:04:41,460 --> 00:04:43,619 hotspot. Things came out, it 125 00:04:43,620 --> 00:04:45,199 quirked or in 2G. 126 00:04:45,200 --> 00:04:47,329 Right now they move it to 3G for most 127 00:04:47,330 --> 00:04:49,579 of the country and that's going 128 00:04:49,580 --> 00:04:51,529 well. The price of downloading one of 129 00:04:51,530 --> 00:04:54,349 these emails is of one 130 00:04:54,350 --> 00:04:56,419 per megabyte of data you 131 00:04:56,420 --> 00:04:58,579 get from your email, which is 132 00:04:58,580 --> 00:04:59,869 a lot once again. 133 00:04:59,870 --> 00:05:01,459 Right. And so the point here is that for 134 00:05:01,460 --> 00:05:03,559 most Cubans 135 00:05:03,560 --> 00:05:05,359 on your phone, the data you get is not 136 00:05:05,360 --> 00:05:06,619 out to the Internet even. 137 00:05:06,620 --> 00:05:07,879 Right. You can't just, like, load a 138 00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:09,139 foreign site on your phone. 139 00:05:09,140 --> 00:05:11,359 What you get on your phone's data plan 140 00:05:11,360 --> 00:05:13,609 is access to email at a dollar 141 00:05:13,610 --> 00:05:15,800 per megabyte of email transfer. 142 00:05:18,550 --> 00:05:20,619 So so how does this compare to foreigners 143 00:05:20,620 --> 00:05:22,809 who visit? Well, you may have seen 144 00:05:22,810 --> 00:05:26,079 that there's roaming agreements. 145 00:05:26,080 --> 00:05:27,699 Those typically have been about two 146 00:05:27,700 --> 00:05:29,629 dollars per megabyte of Internet. 147 00:05:29,630 --> 00:05:31,869 But if you go with your T-Mobile SIM 148 00:05:31,870 --> 00:05:34,209 or another international SIM, 149 00:05:34,210 --> 00:05:37,059 it often will roam onto a Texas 150 00:05:37,060 --> 00:05:39,189 data network, but it will charge 151 00:05:39,190 --> 00:05:41,319 you about two dollars per megabyte to 152 00:05:41,320 --> 00:05:43,119 to get access to external Internet there. 153 00:05:45,070 --> 00:05:47,199 If you plan ahead, there are ways to get 154 00:05:47,200 --> 00:05:48,459 a little bit better. 155 00:05:48,460 --> 00:05:50,799 This thing called Digicel came out. 156 00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:52,869 You buy it through Amazon as the 157 00:05:52,870 --> 00:05:55,509 distributor that will give you a SIM card 158 00:05:55,510 --> 00:05:57,309 that is a prepaid. 159 00:05:57,310 --> 00:05:59,439 You can get 100 megs 160 00:05:59,440 --> 00:06:00,669 or up to a little bit more. 161 00:06:00,670 --> 00:06:02,889 And this brings the cost down to about 162 00:06:02,890 --> 00:06:04,839 twenty five cents per bag or 20 cents per 163 00:06:04,840 --> 00:06:05,019 meg. 164 00:06:05,020 --> 00:06:07,029 Even when you buy sort of these bulk 165 00:06:07,030 --> 00:06:09,279 roaming prepaid plans, 166 00:06:09,280 --> 00:06:11,649 you find a secondary market 167 00:06:11,650 --> 00:06:13,539 for these cards in Cuba where where 168 00:06:13,540 --> 00:06:15,789 people in Cuba who want to get 169 00:06:15,790 --> 00:06:17,949 mobile data will find these cards 170 00:06:17,950 --> 00:06:20,049 imported. You can keep recharging them 171 00:06:20,050 --> 00:06:21,609 once you have a card. 172 00:06:21,610 --> 00:06:23,499 So so getting this sort of external card 173 00:06:23,500 --> 00:06:25,659 thing ends up, I guess, being one 174 00:06:25,660 --> 00:06:27,999 of the more efficient ways to have cell 175 00:06:28,000 --> 00:06:29,019 based Internet. 176 00:06:31,060 --> 00:06:33,249 So this is sort of 177 00:06:33,250 --> 00:06:35,439 like the official way of connecting 178 00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:37,839 Cuba. But there are alternatives. 179 00:06:37,840 --> 00:06:40,109 The three most common ones are 180 00:06:40,110 --> 00:06:42,249 a Wi-Fi and some 181 00:06:42,250 --> 00:06:44,139 isolated networks I could see in the 182 00:06:44,140 --> 00:06:45,459 island right now. 183 00:06:45,460 --> 00:06:47,799 So sorry. 184 00:06:47,800 --> 00:06:49,869 Let's give let's see 185 00:06:49,870 --> 00:06:52,149 what each of these things 186 00:06:52,150 --> 00:06:54,699 is. So I get this one at least basically 187 00:06:54,700 --> 00:06:56,379 a collection of one terabyte. 188 00:06:56,380 --> 00:06:58,719 It feels it's just a hard drive, one 189 00:06:58,720 --> 00:07:00,369 terabyte of information. 190 00:07:00,370 --> 00:07:02,529 It can be multimedia series, TV shows, 191 00:07:02,530 --> 00:07:03,849 whatever you may see on the regular 192 00:07:03,850 --> 00:07:05,949 Internet. It gets collected during 193 00:07:05,950 --> 00:07:07,899 a week, stored in the hard drive, and 194 00:07:07,900 --> 00:07:10,179 then resold the information to 195 00:07:10,180 --> 00:07:11,199 people around the city. 196 00:07:11,200 --> 00:07:13,299 For one for breakfast originates within 197 00:07:13,300 --> 00:07:15,249 one in five six. 198 00:07:15,250 --> 00:07:17,079 Then you have Wi-Fi sharing. 199 00:07:17,080 --> 00:07:19,329 The most common type for that is 200 00:07:19,330 --> 00:07:21,759 called Connect. If I will get to back 201 00:07:21,760 --> 00:07:23,259 to that in a little later. 202 00:07:23,260 --> 00:07:25,239 And then it's Ethernet, which is a 203 00:07:25,240 --> 00:07:27,309 massive mesh network completely offline 204 00:07:27,310 --> 00:07:28,389 from the Internet. 205 00:07:28,390 --> 00:07:31,089 I will get to that later as well. 206 00:07:31,090 --> 00:07:33,219 So talking about this is 207 00:07:33,220 --> 00:07:34,719 how they may look. 208 00:07:34,720 --> 00:07:36,969 So right now, if you go to the URL that 209 00:07:36,970 --> 00:07:38,469 you can see down there, you can see 210 00:07:38,470 --> 00:07:40,539 what's going to be next week's Balcatta 211 00:07:40,540 --> 00:07:41,709 in Havana. 212 00:07:41,710 --> 00:07:43,569 And I think you can download the media as 213 00:07:43,570 --> 00:07:46,059 well right now to see 214 00:07:46,060 --> 00:07:47,889 what's on the packet the next week. 215 00:07:47,890 --> 00:07:50,199 So we highly encourage you to go visit 216 00:07:50,200 --> 00:07:51,969 the site and see what kind of multimedia 217 00:07:51,970 --> 00:07:53,029 is consumed by people. 218 00:07:54,100 --> 00:07:56,269 Also something that it's 219 00:07:56,270 --> 00:07:58,239 needed to say. Like there's not only one 220 00:07:58,240 --> 00:08:00,819 person that assembles, there are several. 221 00:08:00,820 --> 00:08:03,129 So information may change 222 00:08:03,130 --> 00:08:06,219 from one to another to some extent. 223 00:08:06,220 --> 00:08:08,709 Right. So there's not a single packet 224 00:08:08,710 --> 00:08:10,779 that that sort of arrives into 225 00:08:10,780 --> 00:08:12,279 the country each week. 226 00:08:12,280 --> 00:08:14,439 And it's not like the entire disk 227 00:08:14,440 --> 00:08:16,569 is new content each week, but rather 228 00:08:16,570 --> 00:08:18,429 there's some delta of the new TV shows 229 00:08:18,430 --> 00:08:19,899 and movies that have come out that 230 00:08:19,900 --> 00:08:21,699 replace old ones. 231 00:08:21,700 --> 00:08:23,589 But there is this sort of continually 232 00:08:23,590 --> 00:08:25,839 circulating set of disks 233 00:08:27,780 --> 00:08:29,979 that people use for both media transfer 234 00:08:29,980 --> 00:08:32,499 instead of each person individually, 235 00:08:32,500 --> 00:08:34,239 like paying the amount of money that it 236 00:08:34,240 --> 00:08:35,439 would take to download that from the 237 00:08:35,440 --> 00:08:36,440 external Internet. 238 00:08:37,750 --> 00:08:39,308 What you see, right, is 239 00:08:40,510 --> 00:08:42,939 that there's this sort of nominal prices 240 00:08:42,940 --> 00:08:44,679 that you can get if you go to a store, 241 00:08:44,680 --> 00:08:47,379 but then also within groups, someone, 242 00:08:47,380 --> 00:08:48,969 a friend will get one of these disks and 243 00:08:48,970 --> 00:08:51,199 then share it with their friends sort of 244 00:08:51,200 --> 00:08:53,499 as one so that everyone gets their quota 245 00:08:53,500 --> 00:08:55,209 of media for a week. 246 00:08:55,210 --> 00:08:57,489 So where to find up in Havana? 247 00:08:57,490 --> 00:08:59,439 It's fairly easy if you go to a cell 248 00:08:59,440 --> 00:09:01,629 repair shop or if you go 249 00:09:01,630 --> 00:09:03,669 to a place that looks like the second 250 00:09:03,670 --> 00:09:05,529 photo where there's a person with a 251 00:09:05,530 --> 00:09:07,659 laptop and a bunch of mistakes, 252 00:09:07,660 --> 00:09:10,329 there's probably a place where they sold 253 00:09:10,330 --> 00:09:12,399 for whatever amount of money they 254 00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:14,409 want. There's actually a really nice 255 00:09:14,410 --> 00:09:15,969 YouTube video. 256 00:09:15,970 --> 00:09:17,829 We have the link down here. 257 00:09:17,830 --> 00:09:20,109 It's it talks about marketing 258 00:09:20,110 --> 00:09:21,189 a more general way. 259 00:09:21,190 --> 00:09:23,289 They go a bit deeper. 260 00:09:23,290 --> 00:09:26,199 So if you want, you can see that 261 00:09:26,200 --> 00:09:27,910 in the URL below. 262 00:09:29,380 --> 00:09:31,539 So, yeah, I'm saying that wi 263 00:09:31,540 --> 00:09:33,759 fi. So the price 264 00:09:33,760 --> 00:09:35,869 of the Internet connection is high and 265 00:09:35,870 --> 00:09:37,479 the speed is not great either. 266 00:09:37,480 --> 00:09:39,429 So you will get up to one megabyte 267 00:09:40,870 --> 00:09:43,029 per second when you go to the source wi 268 00:09:43,030 --> 00:09:45,279 fi and this is not good, like 269 00:09:45,280 --> 00:09:47,709 you may be able to pull VoIP 270 00:09:47,710 --> 00:09:50,049 may be not really good video 271 00:09:50,050 --> 00:09:52,149 if you are going to go to streaming 272 00:09:52,150 --> 00:09:54,909 is a possibility, but not 273 00:09:54,910 --> 00:09:56,089 really great. 274 00:09:56,090 --> 00:09:58,359 So people, even though the speed 275 00:09:58,360 --> 00:10:00,159 sort of great people use these software 276 00:10:00,160 --> 00:10:02,319 called connectivity, which would connect 277 00:10:02,320 --> 00:10:04,359 a laptop to the Wi-Fi and then create an 278 00:10:04,360 --> 00:10:06,489 app and log to the 279 00:10:06,490 --> 00:10:08,829 page and sell this connection to several 280 00:10:08,830 --> 00:10:11,199 users for a fraction of the price. 281 00:10:11,200 --> 00:10:12,729 So you will basically end up having one 282 00:10:12,730 --> 00:10:15,129 megabit being distributed between six 283 00:10:15,130 --> 00:10:17,349 or seven people at one point, 284 00:10:17,350 --> 00:10:19,299 but. Because it's cheaper, people use 285 00:10:19,300 --> 00:10:21,549 that option and, 286 00:10:21,550 --> 00:10:23,709 yeah, there's also or things 287 00:10:23,710 --> 00:10:25,809 going on, so they won't tell me 288 00:10:25,810 --> 00:10:27,460 what's wrong with that login page 289 00:10:29,980 --> 00:10:31,719 secure precisely. 290 00:10:31,720 --> 00:10:34,059 So for a long time, I've not had 291 00:10:34,060 --> 00:10:35,769 a IDP's. 292 00:10:35,770 --> 00:10:38,859 They had to be period. 293 00:10:38,860 --> 00:10:40,929 And about the 294 00:10:40,930 --> 00:10:43,059 beginning of the year, I think 295 00:10:43,060 --> 00:10:45,489 they are HDB to their logging 296 00:10:45,490 --> 00:10:47,769 website for the Delta, but they forgot 297 00:10:47,770 --> 00:10:50,019 to add that to the logging page 298 00:10:50,020 --> 00:10:52,659 for the user panel 299 00:10:52,660 --> 00:10:54,489 for some reason. 300 00:10:54,490 --> 00:10:55,749 And that's always fun. 301 00:10:55,750 --> 00:10:58,209 So people keep putting 302 00:10:58,210 --> 00:11:00,309 routers out there broadcasting with the 303 00:11:00,310 --> 00:11:02,589 same Assadi, making perfect clones 304 00:11:02,590 --> 00:11:04,839 of these pages and, you 305 00:11:04,840 --> 00:11:07,239 know, stealing people's accounts. 306 00:11:07,240 --> 00:11:09,419 And that's not a nice 307 00:11:09,420 --> 00:11:11,379 thing to do. If you see anyone do it, 308 00:11:11,380 --> 00:11:13,000 please report it to authorities. 309 00:11:14,790 --> 00:11:16,779 Now, it's worth saying they're also that 310 00:11:16,780 --> 00:11:18,789 while there is a GPS now 311 00:11:19,960 --> 00:11:22,359 in there, there's still heterogeneity 312 00:11:22,360 --> 00:11:24,009 here. There are still plenty of hotels 313 00:11:24,010 --> 00:11:25,689 where you end up with what is actually a 314 00:11:25,690 --> 00:11:27,219 legitimate ataxic connection. 315 00:11:27,220 --> 00:11:30,339 And yet still the login page is HDP. 316 00:11:30,340 --> 00:11:32,349 It's not actually fully rolled out, 317 00:11:32,350 --> 00:11:33,319 unfortunately. 318 00:11:33,320 --> 00:11:35,469 Yeah. So, ah, well, it takes 319 00:11:35,470 --> 00:11:38,079 a try to tackle this problem one way. 320 00:11:38,080 --> 00:11:40,299 So this week they recently 321 00:11:40,300 --> 00:11:42,729 released a new article 322 00:11:42,730 --> 00:11:45,399 in Granma, one of their most important 323 00:11:45,400 --> 00:11:47,349 newspapers in the country, which explains 324 00:11:47,350 --> 00:11:49,569 basically, I know most of you probably 325 00:11:49,570 --> 00:11:51,099 don't speak Spanish, so I try to 326 00:11:51,100 --> 00:11:53,219 translate some problems with the 327 00:11:53,220 --> 00:11:54,879 certificate for this site. 328 00:11:54,880 --> 00:11:57,069 And it's telling you the user 329 00:11:57,070 --> 00:11:58,869 must not continue. 330 00:11:58,870 --> 00:12:00,579 And they are trying to show the people 331 00:12:00,580 --> 00:12:02,709 how to identify when a site is 332 00:12:02,710 --> 00:12:05,379 secure. So that's a plus. 333 00:12:05,380 --> 00:12:07,239 But it's not enough yet. 334 00:12:07,240 --> 00:12:08,240 Not good enough yet. 335 00:12:10,280 --> 00:12:12,379 So one one diversion 336 00:12:12,380 --> 00:12:14,509 of like yet another sort of part of this 337 00:12:14,510 --> 00:12:15,510 whole picture 338 00:12:16,730 --> 00:12:18,139 that we sort of realized when we went 339 00:12:18,140 --> 00:12:20,209 there to when 340 00:12:20,210 --> 00:12:21,589 when I went to Cuba to investigate, 341 00:12:23,090 --> 00:12:25,279 is that there's also this 342 00:12:25,280 --> 00:12:28,399 whole scope of institutional Internet. 343 00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:29,719 So if you are associated with the 344 00:12:29,720 --> 00:12:32,749 university or you've got your company, 345 00:12:32,750 --> 00:12:35,029 you may well find that that entity has 346 00:12:35,030 --> 00:12:37,129 some sort of larger pipe that 347 00:12:37,130 --> 00:12:38,719 that has a state entity. 348 00:12:38,720 --> 00:12:41,329 It has agreed with with the telecom 349 00:12:41,330 --> 00:12:43,369 to have that bandwidth as sort of a 350 00:12:43,370 --> 00:12:44,779 larger tunnel. 351 00:12:44,780 --> 00:12:46,159 So, for instance, at the University of 352 00:12:46,160 --> 00:12:48,679 Havana, there's there's a general 353 00:12:48,680 --> 00:12:50,749 type of Internet access that that is 354 00:12:50,750 --> 00:12:52,849 available. And the university itself then 355 00:12:52,850 --> 00:12:54,979 provides a quota system where all of the 356 00:12:54,980 --> 00:12:56,989 various students and faculty get some 357 00:12:56,990 --> 00:12:58,519 access to that. 358 00:12:58,520 --> 00:13:00,019 It seemed like for the educational 359 00:13:00,020 --> 00:13:01,909 institutions, how they were doing that is 360 00:13:01,910 --> 00:13:04,129 that students get some quota over each 361 00:13:04,130 --> 00:13:06,139 week or month. So maybe you can imagine 362 00:13:06,140 --> 00:13:08,359 eight hundred megs a month the 363 00:13:08,360 --> 00:13:10,399 faculty would get a bit more. 364 00:13:10,400 --> 00:13:12,839 It's not a huge amount in general 365 00:13:12,840 --> 00:13:15,019 in order to sort of split the load 366 00:13:15,020 --> 00:13:17,269 of not a super big pipe over quite 367 00:13:17,270 --> 00:13:19,369 a few users, but it provides 368 00:13:19,370 --> 00:13:21,469 this alternative where 369 00:13:21,470 --> 00:13:23,539 you'd see people strategizing a lot, 370 00:13:23,540 --> 00:13:25,729 where if you need a short term, high 371 00:13:25,730 --> 00:13:27,799 bandwidth thing, you would go to one 372 00:13:27,800 --> 00:13:29,419 of the parks and pay for your hour of 373 00:13:29,420 --> 00:13:30,379 Wi-Fi. 374 00:13:30,380 --> 00:13:31,789 If you want to be on I.R.S. 375 00:13:31,790 --> 00:13:33,289 over a longer time or something low 376 00:13:33,290 --> 00:13:35,449 bandwidth, you would use your 377 00:13:35,450 --> 00:13:37,819 university connection, which is metered 378 00:13:37,820 --> 00:13:39,679 in terms of how much rather than how long 379 00:13:39,680 --> 00:13:40,680 you're connected. 380 00:13:41,750 --> 00:13:43,519 So so that that game ends up getting 381 00:13:43,520 --> 00:13:45,649 played a lot. Another example of 382 00:13:45,650 --> 00:13:47,839 that happening is this information 383 00:13:47,840 --> 00:13:50,089 system, which is a dial up connection 384 00:13:50,090 --> 00:13:51,979 that's available to doctors and sort of 385 00:13:51,980 --> 00:13:52,980 medical professionals 386 00:13:54,530 --> 00:13:56,539 for the cost of a phone call, which is 387 00:13:56,540 --> 00:13:58,729 cheaper. You get access to a 388 00:13:58,730 --> 00:14:01,369 bunch of educational and professional 389 00:14:01,370 --> 00:14:02,929 educational material and also some 390 00:14:02,930 --> 00:14:04,519 limited access to the Internet over that 391 00:14:04,520 --> 00:14:05,479 dial up call. 392 00:14:05,480 --> 00:14:07,399 So there's there's these other systems 393 00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:08,869 that are both available to some fraction 394 00:14:08,870 --> 00:14:11,209 of individuals or to 395 00:14:11,210 --> 00:14:13,309 some locations that 396 00:14:13,310 --> 00:14:14,310 sort of help 397 00:14:16,310 --> 00:14:18,259 provide more of this picture. 398 00:14:18,260 --> 00:14:20,269 I guess, to to sort of add to that what 399 00:14:20,270 --> 00:14:21,679 we found at the University of Havana is 400 00:14:21,680 --> 00:14:23,779 that it was connected to this larger 401 00:14:23,780 --> 00:14:25,669 system called red university area that we 402 00:14:25,670 --> 00:14:26,750 don't hear very much about. 403 00:14:27,920 --> 00:14:29,659 This is the university network. 404 00:14:30,950 --> 00:14:33,289 And so what what that means in practice 405 00:14:33,290 --> 00:14:35,809 or what that translates to is that 406 00:14:35,810 --> 00:14:36,810 you're on. 407 00:14:37,580 --> 00:14:40,369 So at the University of Havana, we were 408 00:14:40,370 --> 00:14:42,179 getting ten, not six, not something that 409 00:14:42,180 --> 00:14:43,609 something internal IP addresses on the 410 00:14:43,610 --> 00:14:46,249 LAN that was the university 411 00:14:46,250 --> 00:14:48,499 and that was part of a larger LAN 412 00:14:48,500 --> 00:14:50,359 that connected a bunch of different 413 00:14:50,360 --> 00:14:51,769 universities. 414 00:14:51,770 --> 00:14:53,609 And so if you go to the right university 415 00:14:53,610 --> 00:14:55,699 area, they they say they have twenty six 416 00:14:55,700 --> 00:14:57,949 member entities. 417 00:14:57,950 --> 00:14:59,779 You find that that that network in 418 00:14:59,780 --> 00:15:01,909 practice, the routers are all in a one 419 00:15:01,910 --> 00:15:04,459 seven to thirty sixteen. 420 00:15:04,460 --> 00:15:05,989 But you can talk directly to these other 421 00:15:05,990 --> 00:15:08,929 10 dot something, 16 prefixes 422 00:15:08,930 --> 00:15:10,609 and so you can send your traffic to other 423 00:15:10,610 --> 00:15:12,619 universities around the country without 424 00:15:12,620 --> 00:15:14,389 ever going out to the public internet. 425 00:15:14,390 --> 00:15:17,269 So there's this intercountry lan 426 00:15:17,270 --> 00:15:18,709 where that bandwidth is not going through 427 00:15:18,710 --> 00:15:20,599 in a text connection, but you're able to 428 00:15:20,600 --> 00:15:22,669 send much higher bandwidth traffic 429 00:15:22,670 --> 00:15:24,799 to other parts of the country 430 00:15:24,800 --> 00:15:27,129 without going against your quota. 431 00:15:27,130 --> 00:15:28,639 So. Right, if I've got some scientific 432 00:15:28,640 --> 00:15:30,799 data to transfer to another university, 433 00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:32,329 but also you can start to imagine that 434 00:15:32,330 --> 00:15:34,399 this is how things like getting 435 00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:36,649 data might transfer to another city 436 00:15:36,650 --> 00:15:38,539 so that that city starts to get the media 437 00:15:38,540 --> 00:15:40,549 content, that there are these places 438 00:15:40,550 --> 00:15:42,559 where these larger lines exist that 439 00:15:42,560 --> 00:15:44,779 aren't under this totally 440 00:15:44,780 --> 00:15:45,780 exorbitant price system. 441 00:15:48,690 --> 00:15:51,159 So let's talk about 442 00:15:51,160 --> 00:15:54,099 street, the street network or Ethernet. 443 00:15:54,100 --> 00:15:56,279 So what street network, how did 444 00:15:56,280 --> 00:15:57,569 it came to be? 445 00:15:57,570 --> 00:15:59,519 Who we are, who runs the network? 446 00:15:59,520 --> 00:16:00,989 We are going to try to answer all of 447 00:16:00,990 --> 00:16:02,159 these questions. 448 00:16:02,160 --> 00:16:03,509 So to give you a little bit of 449 00:16:03,510 --> 00:16:05,849 background, back in 2008, 450 00:16:05,850 --> 00:16:07,739 a lot of gaming communities were starting 451 00:16:07,740 --> 00:16:09,959 to appear in Havana and people 452 00:16:09,960 --> 00:16:12,059 started to do, you know, LAN parties. 453 00:16:12,060 --> 00:16:14,339 And it was kind of awkward to go 454 00:16:14,340 --> 00:16:16,559 to a party with a massive CRT 455 00:16:16,560 --> 00:16:18,809 monitor and, you know, your P.C. 456 00:16:18,810 --> 00:16:20,969 tower and their stuff. 457 00:16:20,970 --> 00:16:23,339 And so people decided to make something 458 00:16:23,340 --> 00:16:25,829 kind of more permanent for these parties. 459 00:16:25,830 --> 00:16:27,919 People decided to throw 460 00:16:27,920 --> 00:16:30,179 Euterpe wires to their friends houses, 461 00:16:30,180 --> 00:16:32,369 buy routers, switches, sorry, 462 00:16:32,370 --> 00:16:34,229 and then have smaller ones in their 463 00:16:34,230 --> 00:16:36,269 neighborhood. And that worked great for a 464 00:16:36,270 --> 00:16:38,399 while. But, you know, after a few months 465 00:16:38,400 --> 00:16:40,739 of being the same person over and over, 466 00:16:40,740 --> 00:16:42,359 you might become tired. 467 00:16:42,360 --> 00:16:44,039 And all of a sudden people started to 468 00:16:44,040 --> 00:16:46,859 find out, oh, there's a similar network 469 00:16:46,860 --> 00:16:48,359 just three kilometers away. 470 00:16:48,360 --> 00:16:50,159 How can we connect to that? 471 00:16:50,160 --> 00:16:52,859 And people started to buy routers 472 00:16:52,860 --> 00:16:54,929 and started to connect all these really 473 00:16:54,930 --> 00:16:57,029 small networks into something that became 474 00:16:57,030 --> 00:16:58,349 massive. 475 00:16:58,350 --> 00:17:00,569 And trust me, when I say massive, I think 476 00:17:00,570 --> 00:17:02,129 massive would be the proper word to 477 00:17:02,130 --> 00:17:03,239 describe it. 478 00:17:03,240 --> 00:17:05,368 So is that right now is up to a 479 00:17:05,369 --> 00:17:07,079 hundred thousand users 480 00:17:09,030 --> 00:17:10,130 in Havana alone. 481 00:17:12,030 --> 00:17:13,769 And yeah. 482 00:17:17,010 --> 00:17:19,078 Is up to a hundred thousand users 483 00:17:19,079 --> 00:17:20,729 in heaven alone, and it's fully 484 00:17:20,730 --> 00:17:22,858 disconnected from the Internet, so 485 00:17:22,859 --> 00:17:25,259 no, no religious, no nothing. 486 00:17:25,260 --> 00:17:27,509 It's an Internet of its own 487 00:17:27,510 --> 00:17:29,729 and we want to show you guys some stuff. 488 00:17:29,730 --> 00:17:32,249 We find that inside the network. 489 00:17:32,250 --> 00:17:34,589 So this is this is a fairly 490 00:17:34,590 --> 00:17:36,659 old map for those who have 491 00:17:36,660 --> 00:17:38,399 been to Cuba, may recognize this is 492 00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:40,649 having a city, my hometown, and 493 00:17:40,650 --> 00:17:43,119 that's the old spread mob of Internet 494 00:17:43,120 --> 00:17:45,389 commerce. So you will have the pilots, 495 00:17:45,390 --> 00:17:47,309 which at the moment of making this graph, 496 00:17:47,310 --> 00:17:48,419 we're only five now. 497 00:17:48,420 --> 00:17:50,099 There are nine pilots. 498 00:17:50,100 --> 00:17:51,989 And that's the approximate cause right 499 00:17:51,990 --> 00:17:54,659 now at that point in time, sorry. 500 00:17:54,660 --> 00:17:56,309 And right now it's slightly bigger. 501 00:17:56,310 --> 00:17:58,979 So, for instance, that area of Mirador, 502 00:17:58,980 --> 00:18:01,229 it's fully covered in Lugano, 503 00:18:01,230 --> 00:18:03,509 which is between the blue, the purple 504 00:18:03,510 --> 00:18:05,189 and the black spot is fully covered as 505 00:18:05,190 --> 00:18:07,949 well. And most of the highly 506 00:18:07,950 --> 00:18:10,289 dense density populated 507 00:18:10,290 --> 00:18:12,719 areas are covered by this network, 508 00:18:12,720 --> 00:18:15,209 given it quite the reach without using, 509 00:18:15,210 --> 00:18:17,459 you know, fiber optic fibers or anything 510 00:18:17,460 --> 00:18:20,009 like that. So you use Wi-Fi and 511 00:18:20,010 --> 00:18:22,829 run of the mill. You can see cable 512 00:18:22,830 --> 00:18:24,359 basically holding it together. 513 00:18:25,620 --> 00:18:28,049 So it's only in Havana, it's 514 00:18:28,050 --> 00:18:29,129 you can find it. 515 00:18:29,130 --> 00:18:31,259 It's not in Santa Clara for 516 00:18:31,260 --> 00:18:33,819 something to Santiago de Cuba, etc.. 517 00:18:33,820 --> 00:18:36,149 Went to the south and the real 518 00:18:36,150 --> 00:18:38,219 let let it be say these cities are 519 00:18:38,220 --> 00:18:39,419 not connected between them. 520 00:18:39,420 --> 00:18:40,829 They're not connected to the Internet in 521 00:18:40,830 --> 00:18:43,229 any way and they're not necessarily 522 00:18:43,230 --> 00:18:44,309 known as Ethernet. 523 00:18:44,310 --> 00:18:46,019 I'm just using that right now. 524 00:18:46,020 --> 00:18:48,359 So you nautical term to refer to these 525 00:18:48,360 --> 00:18:51,269 off the grid networks and 526 00:18:51,270 --> 00:18:53,369 you will see a down there that will 527 00:18:53,370 --> 00:18:55,689 explain what happened to the virtual 528 00:18:55,690 --> 00:18:56,789 Fastnet, the real. 529 00:18:56,790 --> 00:18:58,229 It's in Spanish, though. 530 00:18:58,230 --> 00:19:00,419 I think the outer world translated to 531 00:19:00,420 --> 00:19:02,639 English. Hopley if you read the link 532 00:19:02,640 --> 00:19:04,700 and put into that request to that block. 533 00:19:06,900 --> 00:19:07,859 So yeah. 534 00:19:07,860 --> 00:19:10,109 In terms of like what we're looking 535 00:19:10,110 --> 00:19:12,299 at when we think about ASP.NET, 536 00:19:12,300 --> 00:19:14,009 we have these neighborhoods that sort of 537 00:19:14,010 --> 00:19:16,169 evolved and 538 00:19:16,170 --> 00:19:17,999 they they sort of end up with these 539 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:19,589 central points that are that are called 540 00:19:19,590 --> 00:19:21,089 pillars in the community. 541 00:19:21,090 --> 00:19:23,159 And so a pillar is 542 00:19:23,160 --> 00:19:25,259 generally both a person who's the 543 00:19:25,260 --> 00:19:27,689 person responsible for that neighborhood 544 00:19:27,690 --> 00:19:29,459 and also a place which is often their 545 00:19:29,460 --> 00:19:31,769 apartment or some other specific 546 00:19:31,770 --> 00:19:34,109 location that's got several computers, 547 00:19:34,110 --> 00:19:36,659 a bunch of wireless antennas, 548 00:19:36,660 --> 00:19:37,660 some routers. 549 00:19:38,670 --> 00:19:40,319 Each of these pillars is connected to at 550 00:19:40,320 --> 00:19:42,449 least two other pillars. 551 00:19:42,450 --> 00:19:44,309 And that and that forms the backbone of 552 00:19:44,310 --> 00:19:46,979 the network and then connects to 553 00:19:46,980 --> 00:19:49,229 nodes which are sort of in 554 00:19:49,230 --> 00:19:51,329 that neighborhood and often are 555 00:19:51,330 --> 00:19:53,489 either a direct wireless 556 00:19:53,490 --> 00:19:56,129 thing or maybe in some cases an Ethernet. 557 00:19:56,130 --> 00:19:58,529 The nodes are sort of 558 00:19:58,530 --> 00:20:00,509 you can think of is like the block level 559 00:20:00,510 --> 00:20:03,149 where it's someone who's got a switch 560 00:20:03,150 --> 00:20:05,759 and is running that Ethernet the last 561 00:20:05,760 --> 00:20:07,959 street or over to the next house over 562 00:20:07,960 --> 00:20:09,959 the next couple of houses often is going 563 00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:12,329 to run a local Wi-Fi hotspot 564 00:20:12,330 --> 00:20:14,009 so that people who are more transient as 565 00:20:14,010 --> 00:20:16,349 users can sort of stop by and connect 566 00:20:16,350 --> 00:20:17,999 and sort of get on to the net for a 567 00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:19,000 little while. 568 00:20:19,920 --> 00:20:22,079 Yeah. So something that's worth to say 569 00:20:22,080 --> 00:20:23,579 about this organization. 570 00:20:23,580 --> 00:20:25,799 And it has no like one real central 571 00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:27,809 figure behind the Internet. 572 00:20:27,810 --> 00:20:30,239 It's run by the admins mainly. 573 00:20:30,240 --> 00:20:32,339 But users decisions 574 00:20:32,340 --> 00:20:34,559 carry a large weight into the community. 575 00:20:34,560 --> 00:20:36,299 So even though the admins have the 576 00:20:36,300 --> 00:20:38,459 technical capabilities to keep 577 00:20:38,460 --> 00:20:40,109 dinner, were running and to keep 578 00:20:40,110 --> 00:20:42,839 everything up to point, 579 00:20:42,840 --> 00:20:44,969 to some extent, the actions 580 00:20:44,970 --> 00:20:46,739 of the users really matter within the 581 00:20:46,740 --> 00:20:48,959 network and they really, truly 582 00:20:48,960 --> 00:20:51,029 have a voice within everything 583 00:20:51,030 --> 00:20:52,030 that's done inside. 584 00:20:53,340 --> 00:20:55,559 So let's talk about the whole nail 585 00:20:55,560 --> 00:20:57,359 in the room, which is hardware. 586 00:20:57,360 --> 00:20:59,129 You can be on everywhere with hardware 587 00:20:59,130 --> 00:21:00,479 even if you want to. 588 00:21:00,480 --> 00:21:02,759 So we have to keep one 589 00:21:02,760 --> 00:21:05,009 knock off of Craigslist and we have 590 00:21:05,010 --> 00:21:07,679 Amazon. We have the same piece of gear 591 00:21:07,680 --> 00:21:08,939 ubiquity in our station. 592 00:21:08,940 --> 00:21:11,249 And five, I chose this one because 593 00:21:11,250 --> 00:21:13,689 it is considered like the top of the line 594 00:21:13,690 --> 00:21:14,609 in Ethernet. 595 00:21:14,610 --> 00:21:16,589 Like if you will have one of these, you 596 00:21:16,590 --> 00:21:17,999 can basically connect to whoever you 597 00:21:18,000 --> 00:21:19,829 want. These ones are fairly good for what 598 00:21:19,830 --> 00:21:22,259 we do, and that's what we are sticking 599 00:21:22,260 --> 00:21:23,489 with for now. 600 00:21:23,490 --> 00:21:25,709 So you can see the price in the US, 601 00:21:25,710 --> 00:21:27,959 right? WDR, Amazon, US. 602 00:21:27,960 --> 00:21:29,879 Yeah. So in the US, the price will be 603 00:21:29,880 --> 00:21:31,349 something like eighty one dollars and 604 00:21:31,350 --> 00:21:33,449 sixty three cents, while in Cuba you 605 00:21:33,450 --> 00:21:35,009 can find it for one hundred and seventy 606 00:21:35,010 --> 00:21:36,029 dollars. 607 00:21:36,030 --> 00:21:38,669 It's double the price 608 00:21:38,670 --> 00:21:40,019 and a bit more. 609 00:21:40,020 --> 00:21:42,029 But it's not that bad. 610 00:21:42,030 --> 00:21:44,339 I mean it's still something 611 00:21:44,340 --> 00:21:47,099 reachable, it's still decent hardware. 612 00:21:47,100 --> 00:21:50,189 And the same happens for the MicroTech 613 00:21:50,190 --> 00:21:52,629 routers that we use which are not 614 00:21:52,630 --> 00:21:54,839 that expensive and in like 615 00:21:54,840 --> 00:21:56,969 120 or something like that. 616 00:21:59,530 --> 00:22:01,659 Cool. So my involvement of 617 00:22:01,660 --> 00:22:04,389 this, I guess, began after 618 00:22:04,390 --> 00:22:06,759 twenty sixteen, we had Obama 619 00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:09,069 visit Cuba and then 620 00:22:09,070 --> 00:22:10,119 it became easier for U.S. 621 00:22:10,120 --> 00:22:12,459 citizens to go in 622 00:22:12,460 --> 00:22:14,559 late. Twenty sixteen, there was 623 00:22:14,560 --> 00:22:15,789 a conference called Cuba, 624 00:22:16,840 --> 00:22:18,939 which is a great conference around 625 00:22:18,940 --> 00:22:21,729 sort of open source software in Havana 626 00:22:21,730 --> 00:22:24,839 that's successfully run again this year. 627 00:22:24,840 --> 00:22:27,069 And that's where we 628 00:22:27,070 --> 00:22:29,079 sort of ran into Eduardo and a bunch of 629 00:22:29,080 --> 00:22:31,269 sort of the open source community in 630 00:22:31,270 --> 00:22:32,560 Havana and heard about. 631 00:22:33,670 --> 00:22:35,739 And so I went back a couple of 632 00:22:35,740 --> 00:22:38,019 times in twenty seventeen 633 00:22:38,020 --> 00:22:39,020 along with 634 00:22:40,180 --> 00:22:41,119 academic colleagues. 635 00:22:41,120 --> 00:22:43,269 So so Alex Halderman, Eric 636 00:22:43,270 --> 00:22:46,379 Questro and David Robinson 637 00:22:46,380 --> 00:22:47,380 to 638 00:22:49,660 --> 00:22:50,739 try and document this thing. 639 00:22:50,740 --> 00:22:52,179 Right. Like there's this fascinating 640 00:22:52,180 --> 00:22:54,129 network out there that we've heard very 641 00:22:54,130 --> 00:22:56,319 little about and that we sort 642 00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:58,689 of don't have any real technical 643 00:22:58,690 --> 00:23:00,249 sense of does this actually exist? 644 00:23:00,250 --> 00:23:01,250 Like we've heard rumors. 645 00:23:02,350 --> 00:23:04,149 But but it seems like it's been very 646 00:23:04,150 --> 00:23:05,799 quiet. It's a it's a thing that just 647 00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:08,769 hasn't gotten the attention it deserves 648 00:23:08,770 --> 00:23:11,109 or then allowing us to understand 649 00:23:11,110 --> 00:23:12,640 what support we can provide back to it. 650 00:23:15,320 --> 00:23:17,449 So so how did we do this 651 00:23:17,450 --> 00:23:19,549 so from from initial point of contact 652 00:23:19,550 --> 00:23:21,619 that we'd made at Cuba, we 653 00:23:21,620 --> 00:23:23,029 sort of snowball sampled a bunch of the 654 00:23:23,030 --> 00:23:24,769 people involved to try and talk to them 655 00:23:24,770 --> 00:23:26,389 about what this thing actually was and 656 00:23:26,390 --> 00:23:28,309 understand it. We got to go to a couple 657 00:23:28,310 --> 00:23:29,749 of different places and see a bunch of 658 00:23:29,750 --> 00:23:31,939 the physical gear. 659 00:23:31,940 --> 00:23:34,279 Yeah, parts of what else that is in 660 00:23:34,280 --> 00:23:36,499 the physical world, these Wi-Fi routers 661 00:23:36,500 --> 00:23:38,329 and antennas. 662 00:23:38,330 --> 00:23:39,619 And then we got to connect into it and 663 00:23:39,620 --> 00:23:41,569 try and do some some technical sort of 664 00:23:41,570 --> 00:23:43,099 analysis of how big is this thing, really 665 00:23:43,100 --> 00:23:44,119 what's actually running on it? 666 00:23:44,120 --> 00:23:45,919 What is this thing from a technical 667 00:23:45,920 --> 00:23:48,109 perspective and what that 668 00:23:48,110 --> 00:23:49,489 looked like as first figuring out, well, 669 00:23:49,490 --> 00:23:51,019 what are the prefixes, what actually is 670 00:23:51,020 --> 00:23:52,020 this local network? 671 00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:55,159 And then can we understand how many 672 00:23:55,160 --> 00:23:56,569 servers are up there, what types of 673 00:23:56,570 --> 00:23:57,570 servers they are? 674 00:23:58,670 --> 00:24:00,739 Luckily, there's sort of a partial name 675 00:24:00,740 --> 00:24:02,839 system where where 676 00:24:02,840 --> 00:24:04,159 depending on how you're connected, you 677 00:24:04,160 --> 00:24:06,919 may get a DNS order provided to you, 678 00:24:06,920 --> 00:24:09,019 but you can do DNS name transfers to 679 00:24:09,020 --> 00:24:11,419 sort of get the full set of named 680 00:24:11,420 --> 00:24:12,379 services that are there. 681 00:24:12,380 --> 00:24:14,089 And that gives you a start to understand 682 00:24:14,090 --> 00:24:15,349 what's going on. 683 00:24:15,350 --> 00:24:16,969 And then and then we did sort of get 684 00:24:16,970 --> 00:24:18,919 crawling. So just grabbing sort of as 685 00:24:18,920 --> 00:24:20,749 much Web content as we could out of it to 686 00:24:20,750 --> 00:24:22,609 get a sense of, you know, what are the 687 00:24:22,610 --> 00:24:24,769 services, what is being what is it being 688 00:24:24,770 --> 00:24:25,770 used for? 689 00:24:27,260 --> 00:24:29,539 And this this sort of ended up 690 00:24:29,540 --> 00:24:30,979 there's a there's a short paper that was 691 00:24:30,980 --> 00:24:33,229 at the Internet measurement conference in 692 00:24:33,230 --> 00:24:34,789 London at the end of November or at the 693 00:24:34,790 --> 00:24:36,109 beginning of November that you can look 694 00:24:36,110 --> 00:24:37,669 for for a bunch more, sort of like 695 00:24:37,670 --> 00:24:39,769 technical details about 696 00:24:39,770 --> 00:24:40,849 what this network looks like 697 00:24:43,940 --> 00:24:44,959 in terms of topology. 698 00:24:44,960 --> 00:24:46,459 This is sort of what Traceroute looks 699 00:24:46,460 --> 00:24:47,959 like from from that vantage point. 700 00:24:49,340 --> 00:24:51,319 You see these red nodes near the center. 701 00:24:51,320 --> 00:24:52,579 Those are the different pillars that are 702 00:24:52,580 --> 00:24:54,379 sort of tightly connected and spanning 703 00:24:54,380 --> 00:24:55,699 off of them. You see nodes. 704 00:24:57,590 --> 00:24:59,659 A lot of times you've got 705 00:24:59,660 --> 00:25:01,309 this variable firewall policy where 706 00:25:01,310 --> 00:25:03,679 sometimes either a pillar or 707 00:25:03,680 --> 00:25:05,959 individual nodes will nat'l themselves 708 00:25:05,960 --> 00:25:07,759 again. So you can't look really back 709 00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:08,749 behind them easily. 710 00:25:08,750 --> 00:25:11,179 So this is a core view out 711 00:25:11,180 --> 00:25:12,709 to the point where that first level of 712 00:25:12,710 --> 00:25:14,119 mapping happens. 713 00:25:14,120 --> 00:25:15,499 There's many clients beyond this. 714 00:25:15,500 --> 00:25:16,969 There's also a lot of wi fi clients that 715 00:25:16,970 --> 00:25:18,019 you're not actually seeing those end 716 00:25:18,020 --> 00:25:20,299 users. But this is sort of the, 717 00:25:20,300 --> 00:25:21,799 you know, the server infrastructure of 718 00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:22,800 what sort of 719 00:25:24,170 --> 00:25:26,149 the permanent sort of set of services 720 00:25:26,150 --> 00:25:27,949 that is running as opposed to the end 721 00:25:27,950 --> 00:25:29,389 users, which is where you get that much 722 00:25:29,390 --> 00:25:30,439 more massive number. 723 00:25:30,440 --> 00:25:32,869 So to make to 724 00:25:32,870 --> 00:25:34,699 leave something perfectly clear, the 725 00:25:34,700 --> 00:25:37,129 number we said 100000 726 00:25:37,130 --> 00:25:39,199 users, it's just what we think we 727 00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:41,449 have because that's the amount of IP 728 00:25:41,450 --> 00:25:42,359 addresses we find. 729 00:25:42,360 --> 00:25:44,659 And so we're assuming at least one 730 00:25:44,660 --> 00:25:46,759 user IP address, but it 731 00:25:46,760 --> 00:25:48,949 could be significantly, significantly 732 00:25:48,950 --> 00:25:50,790 bigger for Ethernet right now. 733 00:25:52,850 --> 00:25:55,399 Here's an example of one of the sort of 734 00:25:55,400 --> 00:25:57,379 initial pages that often people end up 735 00:25:57,380 --> 00:25:59,389 at. It seemed it's called the scope 736 00:25:59,390 --> 00:26:00,829 directory. So this is sort of a user 737 00:26:00,830 --> 00:26:03,169 moderated listing of 738 00:26:03,170 --> 00:26:04,789 popular services. 739 00:26:04,790 --> 00:26:06,949 And then on the side, what we've got is 740 00:26:06,950 --> 00:26:08,929 sort of that coming out of that study 741 00:26:08,930 --> 00:26:11,239 characterizing the different services, 742 00:26:11,240 --> 00:26:13,639 relative popularity of sort of different 743 00:26:13,640 --> 00:26:15,169 things on this network. 744 00:26:15,170 --> 00:26:16,369 So this started as gaming. 745 00:26:16,370 --> 00:26:17,839 And so gaming is still sort of the most 746 00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:20,389 popular set of sites that you're seeing. 747 00:26:20,390 --> 00:26:21,390 There's a lot of 748 00:26:22,940 --> 00:26:25,669 ah, wow. Community or Agota community 749 00:26:25,670 --> 00:26:27,349 downloading that software, finding 750 00:26:27,350 --> 00:26:29,029 different clans or groups to play with. 751 00:26:31,520 --> 00:26:33,649 There's also, I think, sort of the 752 00:26:33,650 --> 00:26:36,049 emergent property that was 753 00:26:36,050 --> 00:26:37,759 exciting to see is that there's now a ton 754 00:26:37,760 --> 00:26:40,129 of forum activity, a lot of sort of 755 00:26:40,130 --> 00:26:42,769 active Real-Time chat that's going on. 756 00:26:42,770 --> 00:26:44,509 People are using this for sort of daily 757 00:26:44,510 --> 00:26:45,510 communication. 758 00:26:46,550 --> 00:26:47,809 And then you've also got it as a 759 00:26:47,810 --> 00:26:48,859 reference thing. So there's a lot of 760 00:26:48,860 --> 00:26:52,099 mirrors. There's Wikipedia stock exchange 761 00:26:52,100 --> 00:26:54,019 as you move over to the technical side, 762 00:26:54,020 --> 00:26:55,939 because this is a community that's 763 00:26:55,940 --> 00:26:58,489 created its own network, you you get 764 00:26:58,490 --> 00:27:00,109 a bunch of open source software 765 00:27:00,110 --> 00:27:02,239 repository mirrors so that you can have 766 00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:04,489 your local NPM mirror or your local and 767 00:27:04,490 --> 00:27:06,049 local set of python packages. 768 00:27:10,430 --> 00:27:12,439 There's some file sharing, some Colma, 769 00:27:12,440 --> 00:27:13,369 there's some commerce. 770 00:27:13,370 --> 00:27:14,329 There's a bunch of stuff. 771 00:27:14,330 --> 00:27:16,459 I guess this is also looking at 772 00:27:16,460 --> 00:27:19,669 the the web part of this network. 773 00:27:19,670 --> 00:27:20,809 What we found from talking with 774 00:27:20,810 --> 00:27:23,119 administrators is a lot of the underlying 775 00:27:23,120 --> 00:27:25,039 communication for like how how this thing 776 00:27:25,040 --> 00:27:27,319 gets managed was still 777 00:27:27,320 --> 00:27:29,089 not over these web forums per say, but 778 00:27:29,090 --> 00:27:31,430 within teams speak or Yavor or Yapper 779 00:27:32,660 --> 00:27:33,799 or something like that. 780 00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:35,089 So there's a bunch of other stuff going 781 00:27:35,090 --> 00:27:37,279 on here. This is one one slice of 782 00:27:37,280 --> 00:27:38,280 it. 783 00:27:39,180 --> 00:27:41,119 You know, we see three thousand active 784 00:27:41,120 --> 00:27:42,589 Web hosts as well. So there's a 785 00:27:42,590 --> 00:27:44,659 significant number of Web servers that 786 00:27:44,660 --> 00:27:46,919 are that are part of this network. 787 00:27:46,920 --> 00:27:48,589 Also mentioning the thing in the other 788 00:27:48,590 --> 00:27:50,089 side, the scope. 789 00:27:50,090 --> 00:27:51,829 That's one of the many pages that exist 790 00:27:51,830 --> 00:27:53,989 to find when I say this, active or 791 00:27:53,990 --> 00:27:55,180 not within the network. 792 00:27:57,620 --> 00:27:59,299 So so let's give you some some more 793 00:27:59,300 --> 00:28:01,369 screenshots as like some sense 794 00:28:01,370 --> 00:28:03,769 of what's going on here. This is Habana 795 00:28:03,770 --> 00:28:05,809 Net, which is one of the pillar 796 00:28:05,810 --> 00:28:06,769 homepages. 797 00:28:06,770 --> 00:28:08,269 So for one of the neighborhoods, this is 798 00:28:08,270 --> 00:28:10,489 sort of the that pillar has 799 00:28:10,490 --> 00:28:12,769 as one of its server service intro point, 800 00:28:12,770 --> 00:28:13,679 you see. 801 00:28:13,680 --> 00:28:15,119 Some common links at the top, like 802 00:28:15,120 --> 00:28:17,249 they've got their Wikipedia clone or 803 00:28:17,250 --> 00:28:19,049 mirror, you see that people identify 804 00:28:19,050 --> 00:28:20,609 themselves by by something that looks a 805 00:28:20,610 --> 00:28:21,610 lot like handles. 806 00:28:22,770 --> 00:28:26,459 There's a very common use of pseudonyms 807 00:28:26,460 --> 00:28:28,019 on the network as opposed to the sort of 808 00:28:28,020 --> 00:28:29,020 real identity. 809 00:28:29,760 --> 00:28:31,559 And then it's got sort of active things 810 00:28:31,560 --> 00:28:33,659 going on in that neighborhood and sort 811 00:28:33,660 --> 00:28:35,819 of what's up with this pillar and sort 812 00:28:35,820 --> 00:28:36,820 of how we're doing. 813 00:28:39,570 --> 00:28:41,399 Here's here's one of those mirror sites. 814 00:28:41,400 --> 00:28:43,019 Looks like this one's like a Wikipedia 815 00:28:43,020 --> 00:28:45,359 mirror, along with with several other 816 00:28:45,360 --> 00:28:47,429 sort of slices of things that 817 00:28:47,430 --> 00:28:48,929 you can get access to that's just being 818 00:28:48,930 --> 00:28:51,029 hosted on one of these those highclere 819 00:28:51,030 --> 00:28:53,389 the mirrors and stuff that they hold 820 00:28:53,390 --> 00:28:55,179 on to list 821 00:28:56,310 --> 00:28:58,589 some gaming sites representing 822 00:28:58,590 --> 00:28:59,789 sort of new things you can play. 823 00:29:02,850 --> 00:29:03,850 Here's a dating app. 824 00:29:07,970 --> 00:29:10,129 And then one of the subcommunities that 825 00:29:10,130 --> 00:29:12,259 we found most exciting is 826 00:29:12,260 --> 00:29:14,449 that there's this sub 827 00:29:14,450 --> 00:29:16,369 community called Net Lab, which is sort 828 00:29:16,370 --> 00:29:18,559 of focused on open source software and 829 00:29:18,560 --> 00:29:20,239 technology. 830 00:29:20,240 --> 00:29:21,589 It's centered around a forum. 831 00:29:21,590 --> 00:29:23,899 There's this very active net lab forum 832 00:29:23,900 --> 00:29:25,999 for technical discussion, 833 00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:27,529 but they run their own get lab instance. 834 00:29:27,530 --> 00:29:29,869 So they've got sort of a set of community 835 00:29:29,870 --> 00:29:31,969 coding that's happening and going on 836 00:29:31,970 --> 00:29:33,409 this search engine. 837 00:29:33,410 --> 00:29:35,779 Khairullah is a search engine within 838 00:29:35,780 --> 00:29:37,789 the next set of content in that network 839 00:29:37,790 --> 00:29:39,259 that they've customized and built 840 00:29:39,260 --> 00:29:40,879 themselves. So it's got its own open 841 00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:43,009 source get repository of, you know, 842 00:29:43,010 --> 00:29:44,599 the code behind the search engine that 843 00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:46,169 they've built for themselves. 844 00:29:46,170 --> 00:29:48,319 So they also hold like books and 845 00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:50,299 or stuff. People do a lot from the 846 00:29:50,300 --> 00:29:52,339 Internet and bring back to the network 847 00:29:52,340 --> 00:29:53,340 for be reused. 848 00:29:54,320 --> 00:29:56,899 Yeah. And so that's really exciting. 849 00:29:56,900 --> 00:29:59,029 One of the administrators 850 00:29:59,030 --> 00:30:00,199 who was involved in this that we talked 851 00:30:00,200 --> 00:30:02,209 to was saying it's gotten to a point 852 00:30:02,210 --> 00:30:03,949 where there are times when he has 853 00:30:03,950 --> 00:30:06,019 questions about like Android phones 854 00:30:06,020 --> 00:30:08,659 that have been customized for Cuba and 855 00:30:08,660 --> 00:30:10,399 this net lab for them is often more 856 00:30:10,400 --> 00:30:12,259 useful in solving those problems than the 857 00:30:12,260 --> 00:30:13,819 external Internet. 858 00:30:13,820 --> 00:30:14,989 And so now they're having to think about 859 00:30:14,990 --> 00:30:16,459 how do we take this content we've got on 860 00:30:16,460 --> 00:30:18,919 our network and bring it back to 861 00:30:18,920 --> 00:30:19,940 the real network as well. 862 00:30:26,070 --> 00:30:28,469 So rules every community 863 00:30:28,470 --> 00:30:30,599 has to abide some rules, and in 864 00:30:30,600 --> 00:30:32,909 the case of that, this is not different 865 00:30:32,910 --> 00:30:34,919 because of a myriad of things. 866 00:30:34,920 --> 00:30:37,169 So the first thing you will find is 867 00:30:37,170 --> 00:30:39,519 this is from one of the pillars, these 868 00:30:39,520 --> 00:30:41,879 the pillar. 869 00:30:41,880 --> 00:30:44,130 In this case, the rules are fairly 870 00:30:45,420 --> 00:30:46,829 it's a fairly common set of rules 871 00:30:46,830 --> 00:30:48,449 throughout of rules throughout the whole 872 00:30:48,450 --> 00:30:50,699 network. So it's a reason to 873 00:30:50,700 --> 00:30:52,289 attempt against the security of the 874 00:30:52,290 --> 00:30:54,629 country, is forbidden to 875 00:30:54,630 --> 00:30:57,149 provide Internet services, radio 876 00:30:57,150 --> 00:30:59,279 or TV services and stuff like 877 00:30:59,280 --> 00:31:01,259 that, which are in accordance with the 878 00:31:01,260 --> 00:31:02,429 rules of the country. 879 00:31:02,430 --> 00:31:04,349 Because we have to remember something. 880 00:31:04,350 --> 00:31:06,839 Rules cannot be broken inside any country 881 00:31:06,840 --> 00:31:08,399 or else you go to jail. 882 00:31:08,400 --> 00:31:10,559 If they will break these rules, it 883 00:31:10,560 --> 00:31:12,779 will never have gotten this big. 884 00:31:12,780 --> 00:31:14,849 So this set of rules are tweaked 885 00:31:14,850 --> 00:31:17,039 within the community and adjusted to what 886 00:31:17,040 --> 00:31:19,109 is needed. And you can actually see that 887 00:31:19,110 --> 00:31:20,489 it's something that this community 888 00:31:20,490 --> 00:31:22,859 decided, which is how bad 889 00:31:22,860 --> 00:31:24,089 is what you did. 890 00:31:24,090 --> 00:31:26,519 So it can go from suspending 891 00:31:26,520 --> 00:31:28,889 a service to being kicked out permanently 892 00:31:28,890 --> 00:31:29,909 from Ethernet. 893 00:31:29,910 --> 00:31:32,039 And this is decided not only by the 894 00:31:32,040 --> 00:31:34,319 admin, but by the fellow 895 00:31:34,320 --> 00:31:37,559 users in this network. 896 00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:39,179 The other thing worth saying here is that 897 00:31:39,180 --> 00:31:40,979 so there's some collection that is of 898 00:31:40,980 --> 00:31:43,769 rules that are based around 899 00:31:43,770 --> 00:31:45,539 long term sustainability of the network. 900 00:31:45,540 --> 00:31:46,739 Right. So the network wants to keep 901 00:31:46,740 --> 00:31:48,089 existing. It doesn't want to 902 00:31:49,260 --> 00:31:50,849 have itself seen as competing with the 903 00:31:50,850 --> 00:31:52,619 text. And so you've got rules like don't 904 00:31:52,620 --> 00:31:53,999 bridge to the Internet because then you 905 00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:55,619 become a telecom and that suddenly you're 906 00:31:55,620 --> 00:31:56,789 competing with a text and you don't want 907 00:31:56,790 --> 00:31:57,790 that. 908 00:31:58,410 --> 00:32:00,779 Other of rules end up being 909 00:32:00,780 --> 00:32:02,669 a reflection of things that might be 910 00:32:02,670 --> 00:32:03,929 solved technically. 911 00:32:03,930 --> 00:32:05,879 So, for instance, there's a tension 912 00:32:05,880 --> 00:32:07,919 between the gamers who want to be playing 913 00:32:07,920 --> 00:32:09,959 games with low latency and the people who 914 00:32:09,960 --> 00:32:11,579 want to be doing file transfers, which 915 00:32:11,580 --> 00:32:13,589 would use up the network. 916 00:32:13,590 --> 00:32:15,539 And so some of these rules are things 917 00:32:15,540 --> 00:32:17,189 like you can only file transfer in off 918 00:32:17,190 --> 00:32:19,319 hours and if we catch you 919 00:32:19,320 --> 00:32:21,089 file transferring during peak gaming 920 00:32:21,090 --> 00:32:22,890 time, you'll be disconnected for a while. 921 00:32:24,700 --> 00:32:26,969 Yeah, and we might solve 922 00:32:26,970 --> 00:32:29,039 that with routers. But this also 923 00:32:29,040 --> 00:32:30,809 the social pressure also is a very 924 00:32:30,810 --> 00:32:32,519 effective way to solve that in a more 925 00:32:32,520 --> 00:32:33,520 easy way. 926 00:32:35,460 --> 00:32:37,739 So, yeah, we have here one of the most 927 00:32:37,740 --> 00:32:38,679 popular forum. 928 00:32:38,680 --> 00:32:40,769 This would be like the equivalent of 929 00:32:40,770 --> 00:32:43,589 Facebook if I had to pick a network 930 00:32:43,590 --> 00:32:45,269 in it's called within it. 931 00:32:45,270 --> 00:32:46,649 It's quite a big community. 932 00:32:46,650 --> 00:32:49,079 They do like photo posting 933 00:32:49,080 --> 00:32:51,539 stories, whatever you may think. 934 00:32:51,540 --> 00:32:53,969 So the amount of registered users 935 00:32:53,970 --> 00:32:56,579 in this Web site is 936 00:32:56,580 --> 00:32:58,169 fifty six thousand. 937 00:32:58,170 --> 00:33:01,079 This is a fairly big amount of users 938 00:33:01,080 --> 00:33:02,129 at the moment. 939 00:33:02,130 --> 00:33:04,199 We took these measurements anyway, 940 00:33:04,200 --> 00:33:06,659 30 percent of those users were woman. 941 00:33:06,660 --> 00:33:08,879 And at that time, which was also made 942 00:33:08,880 --> 00:33:12,209 the first twenty seventeen at 4pm, 943 00:33:12,210 --> 00:33:14,459 if I don't recall badly, there 944 00:33:14,460 --> 00:33:16,709 were five hundred plus active 945 00:33:16,710 --> 00:33:17,609 users. 946 00:33:17,610 --> 00:33:19,739 And this is kind of an off day for 947 00:33:19,740 --> 00:33:21,599 that time because it's made the first is 948 00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:23,189 a big parade in Havana. 949 00:33:23,190 --> 00:33:25,289 So a lot of people are just tired and 950 00:33:25,290 --> 00:33:27,119 sleeping probably at that time. 951 00:33:27,120 --> 00:33:29,189 The activity on this site 952 00:33:29,190 --> 00:33:31,559 can be seen in a normal day 953 00:33:31,560 --> 00:33:34,529 that time of the day, maybe 954 00:33:34,530 --> 00:33:36,659 thirty thousand people at any given 955 00:33:36,660 --> 00:33:39,269 moment just posting stuff 956 00:33:39,270 --> 00:33:41,009 in December crashes. 957 00:33:41,010 --> 00:33:42,539 Oh, my God. This is 958 00:33:44,970 --> 00:33:45,970 so. Yeah. 959 00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:49,049 So there's a bunch of pain points here, 960 00:33:49,050 --> 00:33:49,289 right. 961 00:33:49,290 --> 00:33:51,689 In terms of how is this network evolving. 962 00:33:51,690 --> 00:33:54,569 Right. This is not a walk in the park. 963 00:33:54,570 --> 00:33:55,739 One of the things that's really 964 00:33:55,740 --> 00:33:57,869 noticeable is 965 00:33:57,870 --> 00:33:59,399 this is a community network and 966 00:33:59,400 --> 00:34:01,829 infrastructure cost has been a 967 00:34:01,830 --> 00:34:03,719 limiting factor. At some point. 968 00:34:03,720 --> 00:34:05,699 All of the network here we see is under 969 00:34:05,700 --> 00:34:07,649 one hundred dollars if you were to buy it 970 00:34:07,650 --> 00:34:09,209 in the US. Right. So there's no 971 00:34:10,920 --> 00:34:12,178 that limits how much you're going to 972 00:34:12,179 --> 00:34:13,559 scale up. Right. You can't have this 973 00:34:13,560 --> 00:34:15,149 central point with a really big Cisco 974 00:34:15,150 --> 00:34:17,189 router that's going to be able to get 975 00:34:18,210 --> 00:34:20,369 gigs of traffic through it per second. 976 00:34:20,370 --> 00:34:22,829 And so you have to you've got this mesh 977 00:34:22,830 --> 00:34:23,939 and if you're trying to get all the way 978 00:34:23,940 --> 00:34:25,349 to the other side, you may end up with 979 00:34:25,350 --> 00:34:26,520 pretty high latency. 980 00:34:27,989 --> 00:34:30,519 The the routing between pillars is 981 00:34:30,520 --> 00:34:32,579 and and 982 00:34:32,580 --> 00:34:34,799 so you end up with loops quite a bit, 983 00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:36,869 even in the current sort of fairly 984 00:34:36,870 --> 00:34:39,419 limited number of of sort of 985 00:34:39,420 --> 00:34:41,039 sub networks that compose it. 986 00:34:42,420 --> 00:34:43,649 Identity is an issue. 987 00:34:43,650 --> 00:34:45,839 Right. So we thought this might be 988 00:34:45,840 --> 00:34:47,968 the design, but there's 989 00:34:47,969 --> 00:34:49,138 no email service. 990 00:34:49,139 --> 00:34:51,359 So when you register, you register 991 00:34:51,360 --> 00:34:52,979 with whatever you want in that email 992 00:34:52,980 --> 00:34:54,779 field, if it still exists or it doesn't, 993 00:34:54,780 --> 00:34:56,849 depending on if they've if what you're 994 00:34:56,850 --> 00:34:58,679 using is a site that has sort of taken 995 00:34:58,680 --> 00:35:00,599 code from the Internet to set up or if 996 00:35:00,600 --> 00:35:02,339 it's been coded and just doesn't even 997 00:35:02,340 --> 00:35:04,079 need verification. 998 00:35:04,080 --> 00:35:05,369 But this also means that if you forget 999 00:35:05,370 --> 00:35:06,689 your password, you're sort of out of 1000 00:35:06,690 --> 00:35:07,690 luck. 1001 00:35:08,250 --> 00:35:09,419 Like there's there's not really a 1002 00:35:09,420 --> 00:35:11,189 recovery process or something beyond 1003 00:35:11,190 --> 00:35:12,539 finding the administrator of that 1004 00:35:12,540 --> 00:35:14,639 specific site and saying, I 1005 00:35:14,640 --> 00:35:16,559 forgot my user, my password, can you 1006 00:35:16,560 --> 00:35:17,560 reset it? 1007 00:35:18,210 --> 00:35:19,889 That doesn't always work. So software 1008 00:35:19,890 --> 00:35:21,759 dates are not a problem. 1009 00:35:21,760 --> 00:35:23,649 Software software that's running inside 1010 00:35:23,650 --> 00:35:25,989 of the network is up to eight years 1011 00:35:25,990 --> 00:35:28,419 out of date and this comes. 1012 00:35:28,420 --> 00:35:31,089 Yeah, it's 1013 00:35:31,090 --> 00:35:33,279 a long time up between 1014 00:35:33,280 --> 00:35:35,260 updates. We are hoping to 1015 00:35:36,430 --> 00:35:38,739 bring some stuff up today, but 1016 00:35:38,740 --> 00:35:41,109 these are mainly sites that were like not 1017 00:35:41,110 --> 00:35:43,689 really that deals and just kept on going. 1018 00:35:43,690 --> 00:35:45,859 But anyway, that's one of the things 1019 00:35:45,860 --> 00:35:47,949 that one of the effect of 1020 00:35:47,950 --> 00:35:50,119 being away from the from the Internet 1021 00:35:50,120 --> 00:35:52,119 that software dates can be tricky 1022 00:35:52,120 --> 00:35:55,689 sometimes for some technologies. 1023 00:35:55,690 --> 00:35:57,909 So interpersonal conflicts and community 1024 00:35:57,910 --> 00:36:00,379 organization, that's another 1025 00:36:00,380 --> 00:36:03,099 point. Like two months ago, two of the 1026 00:36:03,100 --> 00:36:05,709 two pilot admins had a small, 1027 00:36:05,710 --> 00:36:08,229 small argument and that bring 1028 00:36:08,230 --> 00:36:10,719 the network to a standstill in. 1029 00:36:10,720 --> 00:36:12,969 And it got to the point where it was just 1030 00:36:12,970 --> 00:36:14,919 one pilot holding two sides of the 1031 00:36:14,920 --> 00:36:17,019 network together and people 1032 00:36:17,020 --> 00:36:19,389 having to reroute their traffic to stuff 1033 00:36:19,390 --> 00:36:20,589 in the other side. 1034 00:36:20,590 --> 00:36:22,629 So that was a hard time. 1035 00:36:22,630 --> 00:36:25,029 People eventually got to target. 1036 00:36:25,030 --> 00:36:27,279 And for two months, some people 1037 00:36:27,280 --> 00:36:29,439 were like, NSA is going to stop existing 1038 00:36:29,440 --> 00:36:31,329 today or tomorrow. 1039 00:36:31,330 --> 00:36:33,099 But luckily that did not happen and 1040 00:36:33,100 --> 00:36:34,989 people were able to just talk it out. 1041 00:36:37,530 --> 00:36:38,610 And, you know. 1042 00:36:42,960 --> 00:36:45,199 Right, and this is this is 1043 00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:47,989 I think there is this hopeful 1044 00:36:47,990 --> 00:36:49,999 and cautious optimism, the network's 1045 00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:52,339 still doing well after 1046 00:36:52,340 --> 00:36:54,589 the hurricanes that that happened 1047 00:36:54,590 --> 00:36:56,719 over the summer and 1048 00:36:56,720 --> 00:36:58,819 it's solved this last mile problem 1049 00:36:58,820 --> 00:37:01,229 in the way that the telecom hasn't. 1050 00:37:01,230 --> 00:37:03,229 Right. There's all of these Ethernet 1051 00:37:03,230 --> 00:37:05,209 drops around street level that's doing 1052 00:37:05,210 --> 00:37:07,369 this aggregation around the metro 1053 00:37:07,370 --> 00:37:09,499 area that has this huge potential. 1054 00:37:09,500 --> 00:37:10,999 And so there's this question of how does 1055 00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:13,129 this thing keep existing and going 1056 00:37:13,130 --> 00:37:15,229 forward, keep playing a role 1057 00:37:15,230 --> 00:37:17,209 in people's lives. 1058 00:37:17,210 --> 00:37:18,799 And so what does this regulation look 1059 00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:20,299 like? How does this thing end up 1060 00:37:20,300 --> 00:37:21,300 thriving? 1061 00:37:22,900 --> 00:37:24,969 So I guess I guess 1062 00:37:24,970 --> 00:37:26,919 we have some takeaways. 1063 00:37:26,920 --> 00:37:29,409 Cuba is networking, so even as 1064 00:37:29,410 --> 00:37:32,199 we've got this sort of crazy view of what 1065 00:37:32,200 --> 00:37:34,269 official Internet might look like, 1066 00:37:34,270 --> 00:37:35,489 there's much more to the story. 1067 00:37:35,490 --> 00:37:37,419 And it's something that when you actually 1068 00:37:37,420 --> 00:37:39,429 live there, you you find a way to get 1069 00:37:39,430 --> 00:37:41,559 through. There's there's a lot of 1070 00:37:41,560 --> 00:37:43,899 hustle and a lot of, like, ability to 1071 00:37:43,900 --> 00:37:46,059 to find out ways to make 1072 00:37:46,060 --> 00:37:47,309 things work. 1073 00:37:47,310 --> 00:37:49,569 So I would take 1074 00:37:49,570 --> 00:37:51,909 away is Internet is probably the worst, 1075 00:37:51,910 --> 00:37:54,009 like this isolated community 1076 00:37:54,010 --> 00:37:55,659 network. And for sure, it's one of the 1077 00:37:55,660 --> 00:37:57,909 world's biggest mistake works right 1078 00:37:57,910 --> 00:37:59,079 now. 1079 00:37:59,080 --> 00:38:01,299 And I don't think we did know that 1080 00:38:01,300 --> 00:38:03,729 it is that don't use telecom 1081 00:38:03,730 --> 00:38:05,859 structure. Please try some 1082 00:38:05,860 --> 00:38:07,929 people. Create your own infrastructure, 1083 00:38:07,930 --> 00:38:08,930 please. 1084 00:38:17,060 --> 00:38:19,009 Yeah, so, yeah, I mean, that's that's 1085 00:38:19,010 --> 00:38:21,259 this this fascinating thing, I 1086 00:38:21,260 --> 00:38:22,699 think it can benefit a lot from our 1087 00:38:22,700 --> 00:38:25,159 knowledge here and I think we 1088 00:38:25,160 --> 00:38:27,529 can learn a lot from how this 1089 00:38:27,530 --> 00:38:29,749 sort of phenomenon 1090 00:38:29,750 --> 00:38:31,759 keeps growing, because I think what we 1091 00:38:31,760 --> 00:38:33,949 see a lot of times is that you get 1092 00:38:33,950 --> 00:38:35,659 this movement of we need more 1093 00:38:35,660 --> 00:38:37,069 connectivity, we need some sort of 1094 00:38:37,070 --> 00:38:38,839 community network, and that then spurs 1095 00:38:38,840 --> 00:38:41,179 some sort of larger infrastructural 1096 00:38:41,180 --> 00:38:43,189 development. Right. Some ISP will come in 1097 00:38:43,190 --> 00:38:45,469 or we'll get some backbone and we'll 1098 00:38:45,470 --> 00:38:47,689 connect this community network as 1099 00:38:47,690 --> 00:38:49,759 it emerges and become seen as valuable 1100 00:38:49,760 --> 00:38:52,339 to to our more traditional connectivity. 1101 00:38:52,340 --> 00:38:53,419 And one of the things that's really 1102 00:38:53,420 --> 00:38:55,459 fascinating in the case of ASP.NET is 1103 00:38:55,460 --> 00:38:57,289 that hasn't happened. There hasn't been 1104 00:38:57,290 --> 00:38:59,089 an official ISP that's come and said, oh, 1105 00:38:59,090 --> 00:39:01,129 well, there's clearly demand, let's go in 1106 00:39:01,130 --> 00:39:03,319 and solve this in a in a more 1107 00:39:03,320 --> 00:39:05,089 regulated way. 1108 00:39:05,090 --> 00:39:07,369 And so that's led to these sort of new 1109 00:39:07,370 --> 00:39:08,370 solutions. 1110 00:39:09,440 --> 00:39:11,629 I guess the final the final point here 1111 00:39:11,630 --> 00:39:14,299 is sort of moving to the meta 1112 00:39:14,300 --> 00:39:15,710 like talk that 1113 00:39:16,760 --> 00:39:19,189 this sort of underserved community 1114 00:39:19,190 --> 00:39:21,709 and hearing about this is super valuable. 1115 00:39:21,710 --> 00:39:22,759 And also a lot of work. 1116 00:39:22,760 --> 00:39:24,379 We've got a lot of people to think, yeah, 1117 00:39:24,380 --> 00:39:24,979 we have. 1118 00:39:24,980 --> 00:39:27,449 So I like to think some people first 1119 00:39:27,450 --> 00:39:28,819 that people from communicate from 1120 00:39:28,820 --> 00:39:30,469 Congress, you guys really help it out 1121 00:39:30,470 --> 00:39:31,609 with the visa stuff. 1122 00:39:31,610 --> 00:39:33,739 They face a lot also for 1123 00:39:33,740 --> 00:39:35,959 and I I'm Lutron rather 1124 00:39:35,960 --> 00:39:37,589 than into reality. 1125 00:39:37,590 --> 00:39:40,039 Gob's you guys rock Ravon wherever 1126 00:39:40,040 --> 00:39:40,999 you are. 1127 00:39:41,000 --> 00:39:43,189 Thanks. When you pick me up in my 1128 00:39:43,190 --> 00:39:44,839 first day in Germany, I really appreciate 1129 00:39:44,840 --> 00:39:45,840 that. 1130 00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:49,139 And in Cuba. Oh, yeah, I have some 1131 00:39:49,140 --> 00:39:50,789 friends in Cuba, they probably know who 1132 00:39:50,790 --> 00:39:51,790 they are. 1133 00:39:52,350 --> 00:39:54,459 I owe you some beers, that's all 1134 00:39:54,460 --> 00:39:55,460 I'm saying. 1135 00:40:04,910 --> 00:40:06,469 So I think that 1136 00:40:07,580 --> 00:40:10,099 what we see right is like we can 1137 00:40:10,100 --> 00:40:11,989 champion this sort of thing and get these 1138 00:40:11,990 --> 00:40:13,399 these underserved voices here, and it's 1139 00:40:13,400 --> 00:40:14,779 really great. 1140 00:40:14,780 --> 00:40:16,939 This is clearly a place that 1141 00:40:16,940 --> 00:40:19,159 Eduardo's thriving and like his home 1142 00:40:19,160 --> 00:40:21,349 in a way that's really exciting. 1143 00:40:21,350 --> 00:40:24,499 And that's really part of the ethos. 1144 00:40:24,500 --> 00:40:26,689 And getting getting him here was there's 1145 00:40:26,690 --> 00:40:28,189 an I.R.S. channel that's been going on 1146 00:40:28,190 --> 00:40:31,129 for months where the occasional spotty 1147 00:40:31,130 --> 00:40:33,529 connection of what the latest problem 1148 00:40:33,530 --> 00:40:35,359 is and then a bunch of people in Germany 1149 00:40:35,360 --> 00:40:37,369 and elsewhere are sort of going and 1150 00:40:37,370 --> 00:40:38,869 finding the next documentation that we 1151 00:40:38,870 --> 00:40:41,299 need to to to solve that for 1152 00:40:41,300 --> 00:40:42,709 the next time, several days later, when 1153 00:40:42,710 --> 00:40:44,810 he gets Internet again to solve this. 1154 00:40:46,430 --> 00:40:48,679 And I 1155 00:40:48,680 --> 00:40:50,539 think that's that's really reflective of 1156 00:40:50,540 --> 00:40:52,249 the spirit here at C.C.C. 1157 00:40:52,250 --> 00:40:54,769 in a way that I'm really excited 1158 00:40:54,770 --> 00:40:56,509 about. Right. That this is sort of this 1159 00:40:56,510 --> 00:40:58,759 like personal 1160 00:40:58,760 --> 00:41:00,649 autonomy that is part of our ethos of 1161 00:41:00,650 --> 00:41:02,369 going and doing things. 1162 00:41:02,370 --> 00:41:04,489 This to what motto that that we that 1163 00:41:04,490 --> 00:41:05,809 we can hope for. 1164 00:41:05,810 --> 00:41:07,939 And I encourage everyone to to 1165 00:41:07,940 --> 00:41:09,709 do that and find the people who need to 1166 00:41:09,710 --> 00:41:12,049 be here and help them get here, because 1167 00:41:12,050 --> 00:41:13,639 they'll they'll give back so much more. 1168 00:41:14,690 --> 00:41:15,979 I think it's also. 1169 00:41:15,980 --> 00:41:16,980 Yeah, so. 1170 00:41:25,960 --> 00:41:27,639 I think it's also the way to to think 1171 00:41:27,640 --> 00:41:30,069 about how do we build 1172 00:41:30,070 --> 00:41:32,319 a Congress and a community where 1173 00:41:32,320 --> 00:41:33,609 we don't need those champions in the 1174 00:41:33,610 --> 00:41:35,679 future and people who need to be 1175 00:41:35,680 --> 00:41:37,869 here and want to be here can 1176 00:41:37,870 --> 00:41:39,519 can actually get here more easily. 1177 00:41:39,520 --> 00:41:41,619 So how do we lower barriers to 1178 00:41:41,620 --> 00:41:44,589 access? So one one anecdote 1179 00:41:44,590 --> 00:41:47,349 that I think is worth having is so we had 1180 00:41:47,350 --> 00:41:48,609 a talk at the Internet measurement 1181 00:41:48,610 --> 00:41:50,139 conference and we're looking into how do 1182 00:41:50,140 --> 00:41:52,239 we get someone from Cuba to get to London 1183 00:41:52,240 --> 00:41:53,139 for this event? 1184 00:41:53,140 --> 00:41:55,029 And there's travel grants, but you have 1185 00:41:55,030 --> 00:41:56,739 to have a full application a few months 1186 00:41:56,740 --> 00:41:58,299 in advance. 1187 00:41:58,300 --> 00:42:00,519 And then the the way that the money would 1188 00:42:00,520 --> 00:42:02,319 happen is you have to know what your 1189 00:42:02,320 --> 00:42:04,419 costs are months in advance 1190 00:42:04,420 --> 00:42:06,639 and then it will show up as a check 1191 00:42:06,640 --> 00:42:08,169 to your institution a couple of months 1192 00:42:08,170 --> 00:42:10,329 later. And that just is not 1193 00:42:10,330 --> 00:42:12,459 a thing that really coincides well 1194 00:42:12,460 --> 00:42:14,529 with the system that you find 1195 00:42:14,530 --> 00:42:16,209 when you're not in Western Europe and the 1196 00:42:16,210 --> 00:42:17,529 US. 1197 00:42:17,530 --> 00:42:19,389 And so thinking about how these things 1198 00:42:19,390 --> 00:42:21,639 that maybe are they work within 1199 00:42:21,640 --> 00:42:22,689 our system. 1200 00:42:22,690 --> 00:42:24,489 Right. As as someone who's an academic in 1201 00:42:24,490 --> 00:42:26,199 the US, I understand this. 1202 00:42:26,200 --> 00:42:27,939 And like the university that I work with 1203 00:42:27,940 --> 00:42:29,259 would front the money for me and then 1204 00:42:29,260 --> 00:42:31,479 expect to get renumerated, but 1205 00:42:31,480 --> 00:42:33,309 it doesn't scale. And so figuring out 1206 00:42:33,310 --> 00:42:34,689 where these barriers are that we don't 1207 00:42:34,690 --> 00:42:36,639 notice and how we break them down, I 1208 00:42:36,640 --> 00:42:38,919 think is is one of the things that is 1209 00:42:38,920 --> 00:42:40,179 a continuing struggle that we should 1210 00:42:40,180 --> 00:42:41,180 have. 1211 00:42:50,430 --> 00:42:52,589 And then I guess sort of on a more 1212 00:42:52,590 --> 00:42:54,659 serious note, I think that that message 1213 00:42:54,660 --> 00:42:57,089 is one that also reflects to some extent 1214 00:42:57,090 --> 00:42:59,279 on the some 1215 00:42:59,280 --> 00:43:00,599 of the tensions we've seen at Congress 1216 00:43:00,600 --> 00:43:01,979 this year. 1217 00:43:01,980 --> 00:43:04,259 I think that, you know, 1218 00:43:04,260 --> 00:43:06,539 we've had failures that we should 1219 00:43:06,540 --> 00:43:07,540 be recognizing. 1220 00:43:09,030 --> 00:43:10,139 And yeah, 1221 00:43:12,930 --> 00:43:15,269 and we need to think about how do we 1222 00:43:15,270 --> 00:43:16,919 address these? How do we build someplace 1223 00:43:16,920 --> 00:43:18,089 that is more welcoming? 1224 00:43:19,140 --> 00:43:20,429 That is that is safe. 1225 00:43:22,530 --> 00:43:24,719 And so I guess for 1226 00:43:24,720 --> 00:43:26,879 me, that's the spirit of of how do 1227 00:43:26,880 --> 00:43:28,259 we come together, how do we build what we 1228 00:43:28,260 --> 00:43:29,260 want Congress to be 1229 00:43:31,050 --> 00:43:32,399 and think about this in the collaborative 1230 00:43:32,400 --> 00:43:34,859 way of making the space that is that is 1231 00:43:34,860 --> 00:43:36,929 good for us and 1232 00:43:36,930 --> 00:43:38,760 and at the same time is safe for victims. 1233 00:43:44,790 --> 00:43:45,790 So. 1234 00:43:47,500 --> 00:43:49,959 So before we leave, we we will 1235 00:43:49,960 --> 00:43:52,029 do a Q&A, and if you were to ask us 1236 00:43:52,030 --> 00:43:54,159 something, Galeras or whatever, 1237 00:43:54,160 --> 00:43:56,289 these are our Twitter handles, feel free 1238 00:43:56,290 --> 00:43:58,449 to Bingo's whenever we don't 1239 00:43:58,450 --> 00:44:00,340 guarantee we will respond. 1240 00:44:07,660 --> 00:44:09,999 Paul, thanks a lot for this awesome 1241 00:44:10,000 --> 00:44:11,000 talk. 1242 00:44:16,490 --> 00:44:18,289 Please give a big round of applause and 1243 00:44:18,290 --> 00:44:20,359 are we have plenty of time for questions, 1244 00:44:20,360 --> 00:44:21,919 so if you like to queue up at the 1245 00:44:21,920 --> 00:44:24,049 microphones so we can do this 1246 00:44:24,050 --> 00:44:26,299 orally, please remember to 1247 00:44:26,300 --> 00:44:29,029 really ask a short and concise questions 1248 00:44:29,030 --> 00:44:30,559 we would like to hear. Questions are not 1249 00:44:30,560 --> 00:44:32,119 common. And I'm going to start with 1250 00:44:32,120 --> 00:44:33,989 microphone number one. 1251 00:44:33,990 --> 00:44:35,480 Hi, thank you for the great talk. 1252 00:44:36,530 --> 00:44:38,689 Would there be any legal or political 1253 00:44:38,690 --> 00:44:40,969 hurdles to us or, you know, 1254 00:44:40,970 --> 00:44:43,310 for example, us setting Hardway to Cuba? 1255 00:44:44,810 --> 00:44:46,879 Uh, so I guess 1256 00:44:46,880 --> 00:44:48,409 you first need to take into account 1257 00:44:48,410 --> 00:44:50,719 customs regulations, which 1258 00:44:50,720 --> 00:44:52,609 I'm not agreeing with because I think 1259 00:44:52,610 --> 00:44:54,499 there were recently change. 1260 00:44:54,500 --> 00:44:56,659 But ones that solve it, 1261 00:44:56,660 --> 00:44:58,759 I guess shouldn't be a problem. 1262 00:44:58,760 --> 00:44:59,899 But really, I don't know. 1263 00:44:59,900 --> 00:45:01,879 I'm just guessing at this point. 1264 00:45:01,880 --> 00:45:04,219 But yeah, it should not be impossible 1265 00:45:04,220 --> 00:45:06,349 to do. But I recommend you use the AKL if 1266 00:45:06,350 --> 00:45:08,089 you're going to do something like that, 1267 00:45:08,090 --> 00:45:10,039 because the Postal Service is not that 1268 00:45:10,040 --> 00:45:11,809 reliable. It takes a long time. 1269 00:45:13,060 --> 00:45:13,759 Yeah. 1270 00:45:13,760 --> 00:45:15,349 Thank you. 1271 00:45:15,350 --> 00:45:17,149 Question from microphone number two, 1272 00:45:17,150 --> 00:45:18,199 please. 1273 00:45:18,200 --> 00:45:19,339 Hello. 1274 00:45:19,340 --> 00:45:21,859 Thanks a lot for the great talk. 1275 00:45:21,860 --> 00:45:24,109 I am curious about whether 1276 00:45:24,110 --> 00:45:26,869 or not malware is a problem. 1277 00:45:26,870 --> 00:45:28,969 And yes, since you 1278 00:45:28,970 --> 00:45:31,129 run such a huge amount 1279 00:45:31,130 --> 00:45:33,619 of outdated clients, I would assume 1280 00:45:33,620 --> 00:45:35,090 it's a huge problem. 1281 00:45:36,200 --> 00:45:38,659 Or is there any security built 1282 00:45:38,660 --> 00:45:40,729 within the network or is it 1283 00:45:40,730 --> 00:45:43,279 simply not an issue because 1284 00:45:43,280 --> 00:45:45,589 the clients are not connected directly to 1285 00:45:45,590 --> 00:45:47,689 the Internet? OK, so some of all of 1286 00:45:47,690 --> 00:45:49,939 that. Right. I'm afraid that first talk 1287 00:45:49,940 --> 00:45:52,159 about encryption in encryption 1288 00:45:52,160 --> 00:45:54,379 is regulated by this silly law from 1289 00:45:54,380 --> 00:45:56,569 2002, which implies 1290 00:45:56,570 --> 00:45:58,819 you need a permission to use any form 1291 00:45:58,820 --> 00:46:00,049 of cryptography. 1292 00:46:00,050 --> 00:46:02,419 And that's not really applicable because 1293 00:46:02,420 --> 00:46:04,309 whenever you log into a computer, you're 1294 00:46:04,310 --> 00:46:06,859 basically comparing to hash to hashes. 1295 00:46:06,860 --> 00:46:09,349 And that's so it doesn't really scale 1296 00:46:09,350 --> 00:46:11,059 that well, but it's nothing to be 1297 00:46:11,060 --> 00:46:12,229 complying with it. 1298 00:46:12,230 --> 00:46:14,329 So encrypting our is 1299 00:46:14,330 --> 00:46:16,669 not really something we can do 1300 00:46:16,670 --> 00:46:19,189 if we want to keep on going. 1301 00:46:19,190 --> 00:46:20,129 So malware. 1302 00:46:20,130 --> 00:46:22,429 Yes, there's a lot of malware 1303 00:46:22,430 --> 00:46:24,559 I wrote so that once they 1304 00:46:24,560 --> 00:46:25,560 have their 1305 00:46:27,410 --> 00:46:28,579 people get drunk. 1306 00:46:28,580 --> 00:46:31,149 Sorry, but there 1307 00:46:31,150 --> 00:46:33,319 is a problem about these software 1308 00:46:33,320 --> 00:46:34,609 repositories we have. 1309 00:46:34,610 --> 00:46:36,439 We'll give you solutions for like when 1310 00:46:36,440 --> 00:46:38,569 Microsoft Windows, iOS and 1311 00:46:38,570 --> 00:46:40,759 Linux, we like Karpinsky 1312 00:46:40,760 --> 00:46:43,039 or Abath or like a whole bunch 1313 00:46:43,040 --> 00:46:45,379 of a whole collection of antivirus 1314 00:46:45,380 --> 00:46:47,419 that will be updated weekly that usually 1315 00:46:47,420 --> 00:46:48,799 comes in. 1316 00:46:48,800 --> 00:46:49,939 But yet there are viruses. 1317 00:46:49,940 --> 00:46:51,379 People don't like to update their 1318 00:46:51,380 --> 00:46:53,569 antivirus, so they don't really know how 1319 00:46:53,570 --> 00:46:55,729 to. And that sucks. 1320 00:46:55,730 --> 00:46:57,859 I mean, I guess the the saving 1321 00:46:57,860 --> 00:46:59,629 grace, right. Is your offline. 1322 00:46:59,630 --> 00:47:01,729 And so what is it 1323 00:47:01,730 --> 00:47:02,779 the malware is going to do? 1324 00:47:02,780 --> 00:47:04,159 It can't exfiltrate your data. 1325 00:47:04,160 --> 00:47:05,749 It can't show you ads. 1326 00:47:05,750 --> 00:47:07,849 So a lot of times this ends up being 1327 00:47:07,850 --> 00:47:09,409 fairly harmless. Well, it can corrupt 1328 00:47:09,410 --> 00:47:11,119 your hard drive, and that sucks if you 1329 00:47:11,120 --> 00:47:12,649 have a cloud. 1330 00:47:12,650 --> 00:47:14,329 I'm just saying, I don't know a few 1331 00:47:14,330 --> 00:47:17,149 times, but a lot of times it is not 1332 00:47:17,150 --> 00:47:19,249 quite as severe just because it is 1333 00:47:19,250 --> 00:47:20,749 an environment that the malware also is 1334 00:47:20,750 --> 00:47:22,069 not expecting to find itself. 1335 00:47:23,150 --> 00:47:24,589 Thanks for this answer. 1336 00:47:24,590 --> 00:47:26,569 We have some more questions and there are 1337 00:47:26,570 --> 00:47:28,909 also some from the Internet, from our 1338 00:47:28,910 --> 00:47:30,259 viewers on the stream. 1339 00:47:30,260 --> 00:47:32,599 Please give me a question. 1340 00:47:32,600 --> 00:47:33,619 Thank you. 1341 00:47:33,620 --> 00:47:35,179 A couple of brief questions around 1342 00:47:35,180 --> 00:47:36,169 ASP.NET. 1343 00:47:36,170 --> 00:47:38,359 What was it like before the embargo 1344 00:47:38,360 --> 00:47:39,729 got lifted? 1345 00:47:39,730 --> 00:47:41,719 You said that the city estimates are not 1346 00:47:41,720 --> 00:47:43,249 connected to each other. 1347 00:47:43,250 --> 00:47:45,439 Have you discussed possible solutions to 1348 00:47:45,440 --> 00:47:46,429 connect them? 1349 00:47:46,430 --> 00:47:47,529 Thank you. 1350 00:47:47,530 --> 00:47:49,549 How many new routers would that to take 1351 00:47:49,550 --> 00:47:51,289 and how much would that cost? 1352 00:47:51,290 --> 00:47:53,389 So I guess I'm going back 1353 00:47:53,390 --> 00:47:54,769 to this for the first. 1354 00:47:54,770 --> 00:47:56,719 So give me a sec. 1355 00:47:56,720 --> 00:47:57,709 OK, great. 1356 00:47:57,710 --> 00:47:59,899 So let's take into account the map of 1357 00:47:59,900 --> 00:48:01,969 Cuba. So the part of Cuba where 1358 00:48:01,970 --> 00:48:03,649 Havana is is fairly flat. 1359 00:48:03,650 --> 00:48:05,869 It's fairly easy. 1360 00:48:05,870 --> 00:48:08,149 But once you move to the real that 1361 00:48:08,150 --> 00:48:10,219 place has mountains, 1362 00:48:10,220 --> 00:48:12,469 big, big mountains, and it's 1363 00:48:12,470 --> 00:48:14,779 quite complex to route stuff 1364 00:48:14,780 --> 00:48:16,579 through there. But in the case of tiem, 1365 00:48:16,580 --> 00:48:18,829 for something like 20, this may be 1366 00:48:18,830 --> 00:48:21,799 easier if Saudi Arabia 1367 00:48:21,800 --> 00:48:23,449 is some Saudi Arabia stuff. 1368 00:48:23,450 --> 00:48:25,669 We're done and there's 1369 00:48:25,670 --> 00:48:26,809 something that people are being 1370 00:48:26,810 --> 00:48:29,239 considering, but having gone through 1371 00:48:29,240 --> 00:48:30,439 to quite well. 1372 00:48:30,440 --> 00:48:32,599 And yeah, but the basic solution will 1373 00:48:32,600 --> 00:48:34,999 be SDR for this long 1374 00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:36,000 of an uplink. 1375 00:48:37,220 --> 00:48:39,259 If you have before the embargo, well 1376 00:48:39,260 --> 00:48:40,789 before the embargo, it look pretty much 1377 00:48:40,790 --> 00:48:42,739 the same. I mean, the embargo hasn't been 1378 00:48:42,740 --> 00:48:43,740 lifted. 1379 00:48:44,380 --> 00:48:46,669 The U.S. tried to reestablish 1380 00:48:46,670 --> 00:48:49,159 relationships and they back it up and. 1381 00:48:49,160 --> 00:48:51,469 Yeah, but yeah, the 1382 00:48:51,470 --> 00:48:52,999 incident was pretty much the same. 1383 00:48:53,000 --> 00:48:55,259 Nothing really change it. 1384 00:48:55,260 --> 00:48:56,809 It keeps growing. It keeps growing. 1385 00:48:56,810 --> 00:48:58,999 Yeah. I mean, but it's been growing since 1386 00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:01,459 2008, so there's not real 1387 00:49:01,460 --> 00:49:03,259 little real difference. 1388 00:49:03,260 --> 00:49:04,849 Things are great now. 1389 00:49:04,850 --> 00:49:06,110 Looking for number three, please. 1390 00:49:07,190 --> 00:49:08,419 Two questions. 1391 00:49:08,420 --> 00:49:10,379 What are these others. 1392 00:49:10,380 --> 00:49:11,629 Network and those services fund 1393 00:49:11,630 --> 00:49:13,249 themselves. Is there someone going around 1394 00:49:13,250 --> 00:49:14,719 collecting information or just doing an 1395 00:49:14,720 --> 00:49:16,409 out of. Ideology, yeah, and the second 1396 00:49:16,410 --> 00:49:18,119 one. Do you see the Internet slowly 1397 00:49:18,120 --> 00:49:20,219 coming to Cuba and do you think it 1398 00:49:20,220 --> 00:49:21,929 will eventually replace it because of 1399 00:49:21,930 --> 00:49:23,829 better connectivity and service? 1400 00:49:23,830 --> 00:49:26,219 OK, so that's a great example of not 1401 00:49:26,220 --> 00:49:28,079 adhering bathrooms, microphone number 1402 00:49:28,080 --> 00:49:30,149 one. One question, actually, I want 1403 00:49:30,150 --> 00:49:31,859 to answer his first question and answer 1404 00:49:31,860 --> 00:49:33,029 one of the four. 1405 00:49:33,030 --> 00:49:35,189 So I will answer your first question and 1406 00:49:35,190 --> 00:49:36,629 we can talk about the second later if you 1407 00:49:36,630 --> 00:49:38,789 want. So how does 1408 00:49:38,790 --> 00:49:41,009 the finance itself so people 1409 00:49:41,010 --> 00:49:43,439 usually give one second 1410 00:49:43,440 --> 00:49:45,629 to the notes and to the pilots or I mean, 1411 00:49:45,630 --> 00:49:47,969 the don't give these to the pilots 1412 00:49:47,970 --> 00:49:49,799 in order to have money in case some 1413 00:49:49,800 --> 00:49:52,259 equipment gets busted or breaks 1414 00:49:52,260 --> 00:49:54,449 or whatever happens with it, or 1415 00:49:54,450 --> 00:49:56,219 they want to upgrade the gear. 1416 00:49:56,220 --> 00:49:58,529 It has to sort of give once 1417 00:49:58,530 --> 00:50:00,929 you see amont, which is not that much 1418 00:50:00,930 --> 00:50:02,999 compared with like once you 1419 00:50:03,000 --> 00:50:04,769 see an hour for a fix. 1420 00:50:04,770 --> 00:50:06,329 So that's kind of the way around that 1421 00:50:06,330 --> 00:50:07,799 finds itself. 1422 00:50:07,800 --> 00:50:10,199 It's basically this doesn't happen 1423 00:50:10,200 --> 00:50:11,969 everywhere. In some places the prices may 1424 00:50:11,970 --> 00:50:13,889 vary or in some other places. 1425 00:50:13,890 --> 00:50:15,929 There's no need at all because it's a 1426 00:50:15,930 --> 00:50:18,119 pilot in there, like sitting on top 1427 00:50:18,120 --> 00:50:20,759 of a really strong structure already 1428 00:50:20,760 --> 00:50:23,069 so that maybe we saw 1429 00:50:23,070 --> 00:50:24,299 a lot of scraping together. 1430 00:50:24,300 --> 00:50:25,949 So, for instance, Net Lab had a crowd 1431 00:50:25,950 --> 00:50:27,629 funding thing for an additional disc for 1432 00:50:27,630 --> 00:50:29,729 themselves where they found users 1433 00:50:29,730 --> 00:50:31,319 throughout of their services to helping 1434 00:50:31,320 --> 00:50:33,269 prove that you can imagine that they're 1435 00:50:33,270 --> 00:50:35,189 sort of in kind and scraping together, 1436 00:50:35,190 --> 00:50:37,259 but it is sort of a ground 1437 00:50:37,260 --> 00:50:38,770 up community funding. 1438 00:50:39,960 --> 00:50:42,299 Thanks a lot. OK, microphone number one. 1439 00:50:42,300 --> 00:50:43,800 And remember, one question, 1440 00:50:44,970 --> 00:50:45,899 a lot of toasting. 1441 00:50:45,900 --> 00:50:48,279 Send it to the BBC 1442 00:50:48,280 --> 00:50:50,879 from the 90s. Are there connections to 1443 00:50:50,880 --> 00:50:52,559 Tom VSS or something like that? 1444 00:50:52,560 --> 00:50:54,989 Well, I run the website for a while. 1445 00:50:54,990 --> 00:50:57,439 I don't I'm not sure if that exists 1446 00:50:57,440 --> 00:50:59,609 still. But I mean, it's similar to 1447 00:50:59,610 --> 00:51:01,679 that in the sense that you are basically 1448 00:51:01,680 --> 00:51:03,839 sometimes trying to find a proper 1449 00:51:03,840 --> 00:51:05,309 route to get to the place you want 1450 00:51:05,310 --> 00:51:07,679 because they may have changed overnight 1451 00:51:07,680 --> 00:51:09,869 and forwarding it's not working 1452 00:51:09,870 --> 00:51:12,059 and stuff are breaking out and people 1453 00:51:12,060 --> 00:51:13,589 are calling in for in the morning trying 1454 00:51:13,590 --> 00:51:15,299 to figure out whether they cannot access 1455 00:51:15,300 --> 00:51:16,439 a service. 1456 00:51:16,440 --> 00:51:18,479 But, yes, basically, it's kind of like 1457 00:51:18,480 --> 00:51:20,969 the BBC in the 90s. 1458 00:51:20,970 --> 00:51:22,769 Kind of, yeah. 1459 00:51:22,770 --> 00:51:24,599 OK, cool. Thanks for the answer. 1460 00:51:24,600 --> 00:51:26,310 Microphone number four, 1461 00:51:27,630 --> 00:51:30,869 how does the different 1462 00:51:30,870 --> 00:51:33,059 cities communicate with each 1463 00:51:33,060 --> 00:51:36,179 other? So the software 1464 00:51:36,180 --> 00:51:37,169 gets on the same state. 1465 00:51:37,170 --> 00:51:38,879 So right now, I said this in the 1466 00:51:38,880 --> 00:51:39,809 beginning of talk. 1467 00:51:39,810 --> 00:51:41,369 Right now, more of these cities are 1468 00:51:41,370 --> 00:51:43,739 talking with each other on that. 1469 00:51:43,740 --> 00:51:45,689 That's not something we are being able to 1470 00:51:45,690 --> 00:51:48,169 because there is something between of 1471 00:51:48,170 --> 00:51:50,279 us, which is the nearest province you 1472 00:51:50,280 --> 00:51:51,779 will find. It's like two hundred 1473 00:51:51,780 --> 00:51:53,339 kilometers. 1474 00:51:53,340 --> 00:51:55,769 I haven't get to see a Wi-Fi for a Wi-Fi 1475 00:51:55,770 --> 00:51:57,059 relative that can do two hundred 1476 00:51:57,060 --> 00:51:59,039 kilometers. If you don't have one, please 1477 00:51:59,040 --> 00:52:00,209 let me know if they were on the model. 1478 00:52:00,210 --> 00:52:01,260 I would try to buy it. 1479 00:52:02,460 --> 00:52:03,959 But but the answer is these are each 1480 00:52:03,960 --> 00:52:05,279 their own organic community that are 1481 00:52:05,280 --> 00:52:06,959 totally separate. 1482 00:52:06,960 --> 00:52:08,489 They don't necessarily even have the same 1483 00:52:08,490 --> 00:52:10,619 brand or branding. 1484 00:52:10,620 --> 00:52:12,419 It's just there are these LAN networks 1485 00:52:12,420 --> 00:52:13,949 that exist in at least this many cities. 1486 00:52:16,510 --> 00:52:17,759 OK. Wow. 1487 00:52:17,760 --> 00:52:20,429 Microphone number three, please. 1488 00:52:20,430 --> 00:52:21,430 OK, thank you. 1489 00:52:22,830 --> 00:52:25,379 Is it building some kind of pressure 1490 00:52:25,380 --> 00:52:27,599 on the actual telephone telephone 1491 00:52:27,600 --> 00:52:30,449 company and so their internet becomes 1492 00:52:30,450 --> 00:52:31,559 cheaper or whatever? 1493 00:52:31,560 --> 00:52:32,219 Not really. 1494 00:52:32,220 --> 00:52:34,739 I mean, we try to keep away from it hexa 1495 00:52:34,740 --> 00:52:36,989 like we use, not like 1496 00:52:36,990 --> 00:52:38,459 we don't try to get to the Internet. 1497 00:52:38,460 --> 00:52:40,649 We don't try to we try 1498 00:52:40,650 --> 00:52:42,809 to play with them whenever they what they 1499 00:52:42,810 --> 00:52:44,279 want to parlay. We do so. 1500 00:52:44,280 --> 00:52:46,409 But for the meantime, we don't mind them. 1501 00:52:46,410 --> 00:52:48,419 We just keep on doing our own thing, 1502 00:52:48,420 --> 00:52:50,789 which is trying to get people 1503 00:52:50,790 --> 00:52:53,309 decent service and trying to get people 1504 00:52:53,310 --> 00:52:55,139 a place to game chat and do whatever 1505 00:52:55,140 --> 00:52:56,219 people it's people doing. 1506 00:52:56,220 --> 00:52:57,220 I said, 1507 00:52:59,100 --> 00:53:01,289 OK, and we have one more question from 1508 00:53:01,290 --> 00:53:02,290 the Internet. 1509 00:53:06,230 --> 00:53:08,059 Do you signal Angel, please give us this 1510 00:53:08,060 --> 00:53:09,659 one question. Yes, thank you. 1511 00:53:09,660 --> 00:53:11,359 And what about satellite Internet or 1512 00:53:11,360 --> 00:53:13,130 telephone lines to connect the cities? 1513 00:53:14,510 --> 00:53:16,969 OK, so those are two really hotspots. 1514 00:53:16,970 --> 00:53:19,279 So I'm going to I mean, so 1515 00:53:19,280 --> 00:53:20,659 I think I think, again, you're now at the 1516 00:53:20,660 --> 00:53:22,729 point of quite 1517 00:53:22,730 --> 00:53:24,229 a bit of cost, right. 1518 00:53:24,230 --> 00:53:27,949 Where both what is the 1519 00:53:27,950 --> 00:53:30,019 motivation to to connect these 1520 00:53:30,020 --> 00:53:31,039 two city networks? 1521 00:53:31,040 --> 00:53:33,319 Because that sounds like a high paying, 1522 00:53:33,320 --> 00:53:34,369 especially satellite. 1523 00:53:34,370 --> 00:53:35,539 So you're not doing your land gaming 1524 00:53:35,540 --> 00:53:38,359 anymore satellite. 1525 00:53:38,360 --> 00:53:40,039 You need a special license to have 1526 00:53:40,040 --> 00:53:42,169 satellite dishes in Cuba, which is quite, 1527 00:53:42,170 --> 00:53:43,999 quite hard to get. And the constant phone 1528 00:53:44,000 --> 00:53:45,259 connection is either going to be pretty 1529 00:53:45,260 --> 00:53:47,239 low bandwidth or is going to be pretty 1530 00:53:47,240 --> 00:53:48,319 expensive. 1531 00:53:48,320 --> 00:53:50,299 And again, why why are you doing that 1532 00:53:50,300 --> 00:53:51,300 cost 1533 00:53:52,640 --> 00:53:54,259 by doing it? The other thing you're doing 1534 00:53:54,260 --> 00:53:55,579 is you're exposing yourself to a bunch of 1535 00:53:55,580 --> 00:53:57,709 risk that that the purpose of these 1536 00:53:57,710 --> 00:53:59,809 cross country links that are so real time 1537 00:53:59,810 --> 00:54:01,309 is often going to be much more about 1538 00:54:01,310 --> 00:54:03,439 commerce and sorts of things that A is 1539 00:54:03,440 --> 00:54:04,669 going to feel like are eating into its 1540 00:54:04,670 --> 00:54:06,769 business and potentially 1541 00:54:06,770 --> 00:54:08,389 get you in more trouble as opposed to the 1542 00:54:08,390 --> 00:54:10,219 community nature, which is often 1543 00:54:10,220 --> 00:54:11,179 inherently local. 1544 00:54:11,180 --> 00:54:13,519 Also for negative ads running 1545 00:54:13,520 --> 00:54:15,199 on the infrastructure that's owned by 1546 00:54:15,200 --> 00:54:17,629 telecom companies, it's quite dangerous 1547 00:54:17,630 --> 00:54:19,219 because at the moment they decide they 1548 00:54:19,220 --> 00:54:21,439 don't want your problem to exist anymore. 1549 00:54:21,440 --> 00:54:23,329 They will use it and you will be 1550 00:54:23,330 --> 00:54:24,469 stranded. 1551 00:54:24,470 --> 00:54:26,659 So it's not a good idea to ever 1552 00:54:26,660 --> 00:54:28,369 use telecom infrastructure. 1553 00:54:28,370 --> 00:54:30,289 So don't place 1554 00:54:32,420 --> 00:54:33,920 that was clear, OK? 1555 00:54:35,180 --> 00:54:36,769 Is there someone that microphone six, I'm 1556 00:54:36,770 --> 00:54:38,509 not sure whether I can see it. 1557 00:54:38,510 --> 00:54:40,609 Yes. Please go ahead with your question. 1558 00:54:40,610 --> 00:54:42,769 Thank you. And I'm wondering 1559 00:54:42,770 --> 00:54:45,199 if there's a really low latency 1560 00:54:45,200 --> 00:54:47,269 interconnection kolesnikov 1561 00:54:47,270 --> 00:54:49,399 net between the networks and with 1562 00:54:49,400 --> 00:54:52,429 the outside world, for instance, to share 1563 00:54:52,430 --> 00:54:54,619 files or updates to the six year old 1564 00:54:54,620 --> 00:54:55,819 software. 1565 00:54:55,820 --> 00:54:58,459 Yes. I mean, and this is also what LPT 1566 00:54:58,460 --> 00:55:00,549 is. Yeah, right. 1567 00:55:00,550 --> 00:55:01,729 Exactly. 1568 00:55:01,730 --> 00:55:03,499 If you look at what is this Wikipedia, 1569 00:55:03,500 --> 00:55:05,689 Mirah, this is someone either went to 1570 00:55:05,690 --> 00:55:07,639 their institutional connection or had a 1571 00:55:07,640 --> 00:55:09,679 friend who was traveling internationally, 1572 00:55:09,680 --> 00:55:11,989 get a large stack 1573 00:55:11,990 --> 00:55:14,119 overflow dump or Wikipedia dump and then 1574 00:55:14,120 --> 00:55:15,219 connected to a computer that's on the 1575 00:55:15,220 --> 00:55:16,969 Internet. Now you've got a mirror that 1576 00:55:16,970 --> 00:55:19,249 people internally can use. 1577 00:55:19,250 --> 00:55:21,379 So so a lot of how these resources end up 1578 00:55:21,380 --> 00:55:22,609 there is through the sneaker net 1579 00:55:22,610 --> 00:55:23,610 mechanisms. 1580 00:55:25,040 --> 00:55:27,199 OK, we have not much time left. 1581 00:55:27,200 --> 00:55:28,919 Microphone number one, please make a 1582 00:55:28,920 --> 00:55:30,679 short question. 1583 00:55:30,680 --> 00:55:33,259 So why is the official 1584 00:55:33,260 --> 00:55:35,599 Internet so crappy and expensive? 1585 00:55:35,600 --> 00:55:37,969 Is it political reasons or technical 1586 00:55:37,970 --> 00:55:40,099 reasons or is might not 1587 00:55:40,100 --> 00:55:41,149 be a short question? 1588 00:55:41,150 --> 00:55:43,459 Well, that's a fair question, 1589 00:55:43,460 --> 00:55:45,679 but I can give you two short answers. 1590 00:55:45,680 --> 00:55:47,629 The first one is a take that took quite a 1591 00:55:47,630 --> 00:55:49,759 while to have access to the 1592 00:55:49,760 --> 00:55:52,069 Internet, to any underwater fiber 1593 00:55:52,070 --> 00:55:53,299 cable. 1594 00:55:53,300 --> 00:55:55,879 That was quite a while, I think was 2012 1595 00:55:55,880 --> 00:55:57,409 when it got connected with Venezuela. 1596 00:55:57,410 --> 00:55:59,569 I may be wrong around that year, 1597 00:55:59,570 --> 00:56:01,879 2012, 2011 maybe, but around 1598 00:56:01,880 --> 00:56:02,719 that age. 1599 00:56:02,720 --> 00:56:04,819 And they the connection from the cable 1600 00:56:04,820 --> 00:56:06,739 news cycle in Santiago to Cuba. 1601 00:56:06,740 --> 00:56:08,869 So they had to roll through the whole 1602 00:56:08,870 --> 00:56:10,999 freaking country, which may not be 1603 00:56:11,000 --> 00:56:12,649 as big as Germany, but that happened in 1604 00:56:12,650 --> 00:56:14,269 the past five years. 1605 00:56:14,270 --> 00:56:15,979 I understand that they're struggling with 1606 00:56:15,980 --> 00:56:18,589 that because it's quite investment 1607 00:56:18,590 --> 00:56:21,229 for a developing country. 1608 00:56:21,230 --> 00:56:23,089 And that's one of the reasons. 1609 00:56:23,090 --> 00:56:25,489 The other reason is because they 1610 00:56:25,490 --> 00:56:27,049 truly believe this is something. 1611 00:56:27,050 --> 00:56:29,479 I think I think FXI thinks that 1612 00:56:29,480 --> 00:56:31,579 Wi-Fi is the solution, like you 1613 00:56:31,580 --> 00:56:32,869 fought your way around. 1614 00:56:32,870 --> 00:56:33,919 That's not the solution. 1615 00:56:33,920 --> 00:56:35,719 That's never going to be the solution. 1616 00:56:36,780 --> 00:56:38,929 If you want a high lot shipping, 1617 00:56:38,930 --> 00:56:40,399 which is something you definitely don't 1618 00:56:40,400 --> 00:56:43,219 want for whatever you're doing online. 1619 00:56:43,220 --> 00:56:45,469 So it's kind of a hard question to answer 1620 00:56:45,470 --> 00:56:47,119 because I don't really have enough data 1621 00:56:47,120 --> 00:56:48,879 to give you a proper response. 1622 00:56:50,700 --> 00:56:51,709 Thanks. 1623 00:56:51,710 --> 00:56:53,839 Was that the one part or both parts 1624 00:56:53,840 --> 00:56:54,979 of your answer? 1625 00:56:54,980 --> 00:56:56,179 That's my answer. 1626 00:56:57,320 --> 00:56:58,989 The second part, the train station. 1627 00:56:58,990 --> 00:57:01,249 Some of us like we we might have 1628 00:57:01,250 --> 00:57:03,499 left some time for a question 1629 00:57:03,500 --> 00:57:05,599 that gets a short answer. 1630 00:57:05,600 --> 00:57:07,489 Is there anyone at the microphones that 1631 00:57:07,490 --> 00:57:09,530 has such a thing prepared? 1632 00:57:12,470 --> 00:57:14,149 No. One on microphone. 1633 00:57:14,150 --> 00:57:15,469 Six microphones, please. 1634 00:57:15,470 --> 00:57:16,470 Go ahead. 1635 00:57:16,860 --> 00:57:20,059 Uh, you mentioned that 1636 00:57:20,060 --> 00:57:22,669 you have forums on the Internet. 1637 00:57:22,670 --> 00:57:24,839 Do dissenting opinions appear 1638 00:57:24,840 --> 00:57:27,019 there or are they immediately 1639 00:57:27,020 --> 00:57:28,409 moderated that? 1640 00:57:28,410 --> 00:57:30,529 Uh, I don't see 1641 00:57:30,530 --> 00:57:31,609 the forums that much. 1642 00:57:31,610 --> 00:57:33,679 I mean, the forum they usually visit is 1643 00:57:33,680 --> 00:57:35,659 the developer forums. 1644 00:57:35,660 --> 00:57:38,329 And people there usually stay apolitical 1645 00:57:38,330 --> 00:57:40,609 for whatever reason. 1646 00:57:40,610 --> 00:57:42,709 But I'm not sure actually. 1647 00:57:42,710 --> 00:57:44,599 I think at some point it might be edited 1648 00:57:44,600 --> 00:57:47,089 out if someone brings these to an admin. 1649 00:57:47,090 --> 00:57:49,399 But I don't think it's like automatic 1650 00:57:49,400 --> 00:57:51,499 something that happens like in a split 1651 00:57:51,500 --> 00:57:53,809 second. They think it may take 1652 00:57:53,810 --> 00:57:56,059 some time to for the admins 1653 00:57:56,060 --> 00:57:57,710 to remove that kind of content. 1654 00:57:59,980 --> 00:58:02,019 Thanks a lot for this amazing talk and 1655 00:58:02,020 --> 00:58:04,110 some insights and how it works in Cuba.