0 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:30,000 Dear viewer, these subtitles were generated by a machine via the service Trint and therefore are (very) buggy. If you are capable, please help us to create good quality subtitles: https://c3subtitles.de/talk/54 Thanks! 1 00:00:09,580 --> 00:00:12,269 OK, I'm on I'm on, that's good. 2 00:00:12,270 --> 00:00:13,270 OK. 3 00:00:14,860 --> 00:00:16,989 I hope you're all here because you 4 00:00:16,990 --> 00:00:19,449 like history and you like numbers 5 00:00:19,450 --> 00:00:21,849 because we're going to do a lot of math 6 00:00:21,850 --> 00:00:22,850 later on. 7 00:00:23,770 --> 00:00:26,649 I'm planning to speak approximately 8 00:00:26,650 --> 00:00:28,929 40 minutes, half 9 00:00:28,930 --> 00:00:31,329 of which will be about 10 00:00:31,330 --> 00:00:32,709 the history of my topic. 11 00:00:32,710 --> 00:00:34,779 And the other half will be lots and lots 12 00:00:34,780 --> 00:00:36,639 of numbers, and we're going to do some 13 00:00:36,640 --> 00:00:37,640 calculations. 14 00:00:39,910 --> 00:00:41,979 First of all, let me just tell you 15 00:00:41,980 --> 00:00:44,439 a little bit about myself. 16 00:00:44,440 --> 00:00:46,569 I studied Japanese studies 17 00:00:46,570 --> 00:00:49,539 in Berlin and in Tokyo. 18 00:00:49,540 --> 00:00:51,459 I minored in Russian and in American 19 00:00:51,460 --> 00:00:53,109 studies. 20 00:00:53,110 --> 00:00:55,059 I decided to go into history for my 21 00:00:55,060 --> 00:00:56,019 doctorate. 22 00:00:56,020 --> 00:00:57,729 And that's what I'm doing right now in 23 00:00:57,730 --> 00:00:59,049 Vienna. 24 00:00:59,050 --> 00:01:00,050 I'm. 25 00:01:03,380 --> 00:01:05,749 Yes, when it comes to 26 00:01:05,750 --> 00:01:07,849 history, especially history of Japan, I'm 27 00:01:07,850 --> 00:01:10,789 mainly interested in the 20th century 28 00:01:10,790 --> 00:01:12,949 World War Two working 29 00:01:12,950 --> 00:01:16,099 on Japanese-American, Japanese 30 00:01:16,100 --> 00:01:18,230 Russian Soviet relations 31 00:01:21,740 --> 00:01:23,719 and about history. 32 00:01:25,010 --> 00:01:27,259 There was a 33 00:01:27,260 --> 00:01:29,629 German historian called Leopold 34 00:01:29,630 --> 00:01:31,789 from Ranker, who worked 35 00:01:31,790 --> 00:01:34,369 in the 19th century, who considered 36 00:01:34,370 --> 00:01:36,619 the father of modern history, writing 37 00:01:36,620 --> 00:01:39,109 based on sources. 38 00:01:39,110 --> 00:01:40,400 And he said 39 00:01:41,540 --> 00:01:43,609 the work of a historian should be to 40 00:01:43,610 --> 00:01:46,699 tell history as it actually happened, 41 00:01:46,700 --> 00:01:48,469 which nowadays 42 00:01:49,700 --> 00:01:52,129 is considered a little bit outdated 43 00:01:53,300 --> 00:01:55,819 and has actually been called by 44 00:01:55,820 --> 00:01:57,439 philosopher Walter Benjamin, the 45 00:01:57,440 --> 00:02:00,589 strongest narcotic of the 19th century. 46 00:02:00,590 --> 00:02:03,019 Because when it comes to working 47 00:02:03,020 --> 00:02:04,069 with sources, 48 00:02:05,210 --> 00:02:07,159 you can never I believe you can never be 49 00:02:07,160 --> 00:02:10,279 completely objective 50 00:02:10,280 --> 00:02:12,979 because everybody, 51 00:02:14,390 --> 00:02:15,590 every historian 52 00:02:16,670 --> 00:02:19,069 as objective as he tries to be, 53 00:02:19,070 --> 00:02:21,229 always makes choices when he works 54 00:02:21,230 --> 00:02:23,509 with the sources, and he makes choices 55 00:02:23,510 --> 00:02:26,029 about how to present his findings 56 00:02:26,030 --> 00:02:28,340 knowingly or unknowingly 57 00:02:32,030 --> 00:02:33,979 because everybody has a certain 58 00:02:33,980 --> 00:02:36,109 background, as if he has certain 59 00:02:36,110 --> 00:02:38,689 experiences and beliefs and 60 00:02:38,690 --> 00:02:40,849 treats what he finds in 61 00:02:40,850 --> 00:02:43,610 his historical sources accordingly. 62 00:02:47,420 --> 00:02:49,639 So I'm basically doing 63 00:02:49,640 --> 00:02:51,649 research in this field about 64 00:02:52,910 --> 00:02:56,239 how historians work with their sources, 65 00:02:56,240 --> 00:02:58,549 which you could call meta history 66 00:02:58,550 --> 00:03:00,439 writing about rewriting history. 67 00:03:01,760 --> 00:03:04,039 And I'm using the case 68 00:03:04,040 --> 00:03:06,109 of World War II to spy Richard 69 00:03:06,110 --> 00:03:08,239 Saga as an example 70 00:03:08,240 --> 00:03:10,699 because it lends itself to this kind of 71 00:03:10,700 --> 00:03:11,749 research. 72 00:03:11,750 --> 00:03:14,059 It has been written about in very 73 00:03:14,060 --> 00:03:16,249 different political climates and very 74 00:03:16,250 --> 00:03:17,449 different times. 75 00:03:17,450 --> 00:03:20,659 For example, in the Soviet Union, in 76 00:03:20,660 --> 00:03:22,609 the German Democratic Republic, in West 77 00:03:22,610 --> 00:03:25,489 Germany, in the US, in Japan 78 00:03:25,490 --> 00:03:27,709 to amazingly 79 00:03:27,710 --> 00:03:28,710 different results. 80 00:03:34,100 --> 00:03:36,469 So first of all, 81 00:03:36,470 --> 00:03:38,599 let me tell you a little bit about this 82 00:03:38,600 --> 00:03:39,600 whole saga. 83 00:03:44,270 --> 00:03:47,839 Richard Zagar was born in 1895 84 00:03:47,840 --> 00:03:50,299 in Baku, which is today Azerbaijan, 85 00:03:50,300 --> 00:03:52,069 which was then part of the Russian 86 00:03:52,070 --> 00:03:53,119 Empire. 87 00:03:53,120 --> 00:03:55,219 His father was a German mining 88 00:03:55,220 --> 00:03:57,379 engineer who worked there in the up 89 00:03:57,380 --> 00:03:58,669 and coming oil industry 90 00:03:59,690 --> 00:04:00,979 of Russia. 91 00:04:00,980 --> 00:04:02,479 His mother was Russian. 92 00:04:03,530 --> 00:04:05,359 He grew up in Berlin. 93 00:04:05,360 --> 00:04:08,389 Family moved to Berlin in 1897, 94 00:04:08,390 --> 00:04:09,319 and he was. 95 00:04:09,320 --> 00:04:10,879 He grew up in a very comfortable 96 00:04:10,880 --> 00:04:12,259 environment. 97 00:04:12,260 --> 00:04:13,759 The family had money and 98 00:04:15,590 --> 00:04:16,489 he went to school. 99 00:04:16,490 --> 00:04:18,648 And in 1914, 100 00:04:18,649 --> 00:04:21,469 being a German patriot, he volunteered 101 00:04:21,470 --> 00:04:22,969 to go to war. 102 00:04:22,970 --> 00:04:25,399 He was wounded twice, 103 00:04:25,400 --> 00:04:27,349 and during that time, those four years of 104 00:04:27,350 --> 00:04:29,599 World War One, he came into contact 105 00:04:29,600 --> 00:04:32,089 with communist ideas and 106 00:04:32,090 --> 00:04:34,159 eventually became 107 00:04:34,160 --> 00:04:35,659 a communist. 108 00:04:35,660 --> 00:04:37,099 By the time he got his doctorate in 109 00:04:37,100 --> 00:04:38,899 political science from the University of 110 00:04:38,900 --> 00:04:41,089 Hamburg, he had joined 111 00:04:41,090 --> 00:04:43,189 the Communist Party and was 112 00:04:43,190 --> 00:04:45,949 soon noticed by his superiors 113 00:04:45,950 --> 00:04:48,469 as a very gifted speaker 114 00:04:48,470 --> 00:04:49,470 and agitator. 115 00:04:52,160 --> 00:04:55,159 In 1924, he 116 00:04:55,160 --> 00:04:57,079 was recruited by the Communist 117 00:04:57,080 --> 00:04:59,029 International Organization. 118 00:04:59,030 --> 00:05:01,369 The Comintern was 119 00:05:01,370 --> 00:05:02,660 invited to Moscow 120 00:05:03,830 --> 00:05:07,099 and later some point during the 1920s 121 00:05:07,100 --> 00:05:10,369 joined the Red Army's 4th department, 122 00:05:10,370 --> 00:05:12,110 which was military intelligence. 123 00:05:14,450 --> 00:05:16,609 The Red Army's 4th department 124 00:05:16,610 --> 00:05:18,799 in the 1920s started 125 00:05:18,800 --> 00:05:20,719 to build an international network of 126 00:05:20,720 --> 00:05:23,419 spies and sent 127 00:05:23,420 --> 00:05:25,279 Zagar on his first major assignment to 128 00:05:25,280 --> 00:05:26,779 Shanghai in 1930. 129 00:05:28,910 --> 00:05:31,579 In 1933, he was sent to Tokyo 130 00:05:31,580 --> 00:05:33,829 to build his spy ring, which he became 131 00:05:33,830 --> 00:05:35,720 famous for later on 132 00:05:40,730 --> 00:05:41,899 in Tokyo. 133 00:05:41,900 --> 00:05:44,239 Zager was very successful, 134 00:05:44,240 --> 00:05:46,669 setting himself up under the cover 135 00:05:46,670 --> 00:05:47,599 of a journalist. 136 00:05:47,600 --> 00:05:48,949 He worked for the 137 00:05:50,240 --> 00:05:52,039 distinguished German newspaper 138 00:05:52,040 --> 00:05:54,409 Frankfurter Zeitung, also 139 00:05:54,410 --> 00:05:56,899 several business newspapers, 140 00:05:56,900 --> 00:05:59,209 and he also joined the NSD AP 141 00:05:59,210 --> 00:06:01,549 to gain access to Tokyo's German 142 00:06:01,550 --> 00:06:02,550 community. 143 00:06:05,090 --> 00:06:07,519 The thing about Saga is 144 00:06:07,520 --> 00:06:09,769 he was not what you would consider 145 00:06:09,770 --> 00:06:12,769 your usual spy because 146 00:06:12,770 --> 00:06:14,929 a spy should be 147 00:06:14,930 --> 00:06:16,549 above all inconspicuous. 148 00:06:16,550 --> 00:06:19,039 I guess he should not 149 00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:21,559 draw a lot of attention to himself. 150 00:06:21,560 --> 00:06:24,169 He should not get drunk all the time, 151 00:06:24,170 --> 00:06:26,449 and by 152 00:06:26,450 --> 00:06:28,549 all means, he should not sleep 153 00:06:28,550 --> 00:06:30,199 with other men's wives. 154 00:06:30,200 --> 00:06:32,869 I think which is exactly 155 00:06:32,870 --> 00:06:35,179 what Zogg it did. He had an affair with 156 00:06:35,180 --> 00:06:36,999 the wife of German ambassador. 157 00:06:37,000 --> 00:06:38,089 I not. 158 00:06:38,090 --> 00:06:39,439 Oh, I'm sorry about the picture. 159 00:06:39,440 --> 00:06:40,610 The resolution is not so good, 160 00:06:42,470 --> 00:06:45,349 but he still managed to 161 00:06:45,350 --> 00:06:47,269 stay his good friend. 162 00:06:47,270 --> 00:06:49,549 Somehow, they worked it out. 163 00:06:53,330 --> 00:06:55,429 So Zagar was 164 00:06:55,430 --> 00:06:57,379 was very well known in Tokyo. 165 00:06:57,380 --> 00:06:58,339 Everybody knew him. 166 00:06:58,340 --> 00:06:59,239 Everybody liked him. 167 00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:00,319 He was. 168 00:07:00,320 --> 00:07:01,699 He was extremely charming. 169 00:07:03,020 --> 00:07:04,399 Women liked him. 170 00:07:04,400 --> 00:07:05,959 Men liked him. 171 00:07:05,960 --> 00:07:09,019 And he became a good friend of 172 00:07:09,020 --> 00:07:11,119 ambassador, did not, 173 00:07:11,120 --> 00:07:13,069 who shared with him. 174 00:07:13,070 --> 00:07:16,219 German reports coming in from Berlin 175 00:07:16,220 --> 00:07:18,679 on highly sensitive issues 176 00:07:18,680 --> 00:07:20,989 and in turn got information 177 00:07:20,990 --> 00:07:23,299 on Japanese politics from 178 00:07:23,300 --> 00:07:24,300 Zagreb, 179 00:07:25,670 --> 00:07:27,859 who worked with his main Japanese 180 00:07:27,860 --> 00:07:30,319 source Ozaki, to mix 181 00:07:30,320 --> 00:07:32,719 a Japanese journalist who had excellent 182 00:07:32,720 --> 00:07:35,269 connection into the higher ranks 183 00:07:35,270 --> 00:07:37,429 of the Japanese government and 184 00:07:39,920 --> 00:07:40,920 basically 185 00:07:42,050 --> 00:07:44,329 got information from the prime 186 00:07:44,330 --> 00:07:46,489 minister's adviser and passed 187 00:07:46,490 --> 00:07:48,559 this on to Zager, who in turn 188 00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:50,659 informed his friend, the German 189 00:07:50,660 --> 00:07:52,729 ambassador, a 190 00:07:52,730 --> 00:07:55,099 very workable 191 00:07:55,100 --> 00:07:57,649 quid pro quo situation 192 00:07:57,650 --> 00:07:58,650 they had going on. 193 00:08:01,340 --> 00:08:03,419 All in all, this group saga 194 00:08:03,420 --> 00:08:06,079 built in Japan, which was named 195 00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:08,269 codenamed Ramsey, was 196 00:08:08,270 --> 00:08:10,489 relatively small but is 197 00:08:10,490 --> 00:08:12,889 considered one of the most successful 198 00:08:12,890 --> 00:08:15,110 example of human to human intelligence. 199 00:08:16,580 --> 00:08:18,709 Their main job, which they 200 00:08:18,710 --> 00:08:21,049 got from Moscow, was to find 201 00:08:21,050 --> 00:08:23,149 out in which direction 202 00:08:23,150 --> 00:08:25,579 Japan would eventually 203 00:08:25,580 --> 00:08:28,369 expand to the south, 204 00:08:28,370 --> 00:08:29,370 which would mean 205 00:08:31,310 --> 00:08:34,369 attacking Indo-China Singapore 206 00:08:34,370 --> 00:08:36,769 and getting into conflict with 207 00:08:36,770 --> 00:08:38,959 Britain and the USA or to 208 00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:40,189 the North. 209 00:08:40,190 --> 00:08:41,329 Japan had already. 210 00:08:42,450 --> 00:08:45,569 Established a puppet regime in Manchuria, 211 00:08:45,570 --> 00:08:47,999 and in case Japan 212 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:50,309 would expand to the North. 213 00:08:50,310 --> 00:08:52,109 This would mean war with the Soviet 214 00:08:52,110 --> 00:08:53,110 Union. 215 00:08:56,670 --> 00:08:59,069 Zarqawi's group was able to 216 00:08:59,070 --> 00:09:01,289 predict and report to 217 00:09:01,290 --> 00:09:02,399 Moscow. 218 00:09:02,400 --> 00:09:04,679 Not just that 219 00:09:04,680 --> 00:09:07,499 in the fall of 1941, 220 00:09:07,500 --> 00:09:09,989 Japan actually was not planning 221 00:09:09,990 --> 00:09:12,059 to attack to the North, but was 222 00:09:12,060 --> 00:09:14,669 going to go to war with the US, 223 00:09:14,670 --> 00:09:17,219 but also the exact date 224 00:09:17,220 --> 00:09:19,319 and time of the German attack on 225 00:09:19,320 --> 00:09:21,809 the Soviet Union in June 1941. 226 00:09:27,490 --> 00:09:29,769 I've called them World War Two hackers. 227 00:09:29,770 --> 00:09:32,559 Exactly because of what they did 228 00:09:32,560 --> 00:09:35,439 by giving this kind of information 229 00:09:35,440 --> 00:09:38,259 to Moscow, XGA and his 230 00:09:38,260 --> 00:09:40,359 group tried to hack 231 00:09:40,360 --> 00:09:42,129 the outcome of World War Two, I think you 232 00:09:42,130 --> 00:09:43,130 can say 233 00:09:44,830 --> 00:09:47,319 some historians consider them to 234 00:09:47,320 --> 00:09:49,659 be to have been incredibly 235 00:09:49,660 --> 00:09:51,220 successful in that. 236 00:09:52,420 --> 00:09:54,639 Some say that their influence was 237 00:09:54,640 --> 00:09:55,640 basically 238 00:09:57,550 --> 00:09:59,649 irrelevant because unfortunately, 239 00:09:59,650 --> 00:10:01,839 Stalin did not believe the August 240 00:10:01,840 --> 00:10:04,779 report, as other 241 00:10:04,780 --> 00:10:07,449 spy groups in Western Europe 242 00:10:07,450 --> 00:10:09,069 told him about the German attack. 243 00:10:09,070 --> 00:10:11,289 He just didn't want to believe that. 244 00:10:11,290 --> 00:10:13,449 And he called Saga 245 00:10:13,450 --> 00:10:15,399 an unbelievable little. 246 00:10:16,450 --> 00:10:19,539 I'm going to censor myself, who 247 00:10:19,540 --> 00:10:21,849 just suspends the Soviet 248 00:10:21,850 --> 00:10:23,439 Union's money in Japan and has a good 249 00:10:23,440 --> 00:10:25,659 life and should not 250 00:10:25,660 --> 00:10:26,660 be believed 251 00:10:30,670 --> 00:10:31,809 for this talk. 252 00:10:31,810 --> 00:10:34,059 I'm not going into detail about 253 00:10:34,060 --> 00:10:36,099 Stalin's reaction to the August's 254 00:10:36,100 --> 00:10:38,439 reports, or even 255 00:10:38,440 --> 00:10:41,049 on the very accidental 256 00:10:41,050 --> 00:10:42,050 discovery 257 00:10:43,180 --> 00:10:45,639 of Saugus Group by the German, 258 00:10:45,640 --> 00:10:47,799 the I'm sorry by the Japanese 259 00:10:47,800 --> 00:10:49,869 secret police, which happened in October 260 00:10:49,870 --> 00:10:52,149 of 1941 because there would be 261 00:10:52,150 --> 00:10:54,669 out of the scale of what I'm intending. 262 00:10:55,870 --> 00:10:58,059 Instead, I'd like to talk about 263 00:10:58,060 --> 00:11:01,059 the technical and crypto logical 264 00:11:01,060 --> 00:11:03,399 aspects of the work 265 00:11:03,400 --> 00:11:05,979 a little bit in more detail, 266 00:11:07,480 --> 00:11:08,480 which is 267 00:11:09,610 --> 00:11:12,009 in part why I submitted this talk 268 00:11:12,010 --> 00:11:14,409 because I've read a lot about this case, 269 00:11:14,410 --> 00:11:17,139 but I've always sort of skimmed 270 00:11:17,140 --> 00:11:19,329 over the cryptologic parts 271 00:11:19,330 --> 00:11:21,639 because there's like pages and pages 272 00:11:21,640 --> 00:11:23,709 of numbers and calculations. 273 00:11:23,710 --> 00:11:26,139 And I always said, OK, 274 00:11:26,140 --> 00:11:28,209 interesting, let's move on. 275 00:11:28,210 --> 00:11:30,339 So to present this to 276 00:11:30,340 --> 00:11:32,559 you, I actually got into detail 277 00:11:32,560 --> 00:11:34,899 and learned how to 278 00:11:36,400 --> 00:11:38,979 encrypt and decode the messages 279 00:11:38,980 --> 00:11:41,349 Larga sent to the Soviet Union. 280 00:11:42,990 --> 00:11:43,990 The 281 00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:47,349 fact is, for example, on 282 00:11:47,350 --> 00:11:50,230 June 1st, 1941, 283 00:11:51,430 --> 00:11:53,829 the Red Army in Moscow 284 00:11:53,830 --> 00:11:56,649 received this telegram 285 00:11:56,650 --> 00:11:58,719 from its Far East branch, which was 286 00:11:58,720 --> 00:12:00,609 probably located in Vladivostok. 287 00:12:03,310 --> 00:12:04,310 Should I read this? 288 00:12:05,890 --> 00:12:07,149 Yes. 289 00:12:07,150 --> 00:12:10,209 Well, the first sentence is 290 00:12:10,210 --> 00:12:12,339 Berlin Infomercial Viceroy of Opus 291 00:12:12,340 --> 00:12:14,409 last year, 40 odd tony 292 00:12:14,410 --> 00:12:16,599 queerness to clean up growth if this is a 293 00:12:16,600 --> 00:12:18,849 much needed salt factory 294 00:12:18,850 --> 00:12:19,850 of Vineyard Junior. 295 00:12:29,190 --> 00:12:30,720 It says in English, 296 00:12:31,950 --> 00:12:34,409 Berlin has informed its 297 00:12:34,410 --> 00:12:35,669 ambassador in Japan 298 00:12:36,750 --> 00:12:39,089 that the German attack against the Soviet 299 00:12:39,090 --> 00:12:41,159 Union will start in the second half 300 00:12:41,160 --> 00:12:42,160 of June. 301 00:12:43,140 --> 00:12:45,389 So this was sent from 302 00:12:45,390 --> 00:12:47,609 the Red Army in Vladivostok 303 00:12:47,610 --> 00:12:50,009 for military intelligence in Vladivostok 304 00:12:50,010 --> 00:12:51,479 to Moscow. 305 00:12:51,480 --> 00:12:53,189 But how did this information get to 306 00:12:53,190 --> 00:12:54,190 Vladivostok? 307 00:12:59,500 --> 00:13:01,809 To show you how this 308 00:13:01,810 --> 00:13:04,149 happened, how this got 309 00:13:04,150 --> 00:13:06,639 to the Red Army's military intelligence 310 00:13:06,640 --> 00:13:08,739 in the Far East of Siberia. 311 00:13:08,740 --> 00:13:11,019 I'd like to introduce you to a 312 00:13:11,020 --> 00:13:14,019 very sympathetic hacker 313 00:13:14,020 --> 00:13:15,999 named Max Clausen. 314 00:13:17,090 --> 00:13:18,759 Again, sorry about the picture, I 315 00:13:18,760 --> 00:13:20,979 couldn't find a really good picture 316 00:13:20,980 --> 00:13:22,749 of him in his younger days. 317 00:13:24,070 --> 00:13:26,319 This is, I think, his passport 318 00:13:26,320 --> 00:13:27,759 picture. 319 00:13:27,760 --> 00:13:30,489 Max Clausen was German born 320 00:13:30,490 --> 00:13:32,799 on the island of Nostrand in North 321 00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:33,800 Frieza. 322 00:13:34,870 --> 00:13:37,599 He grew up in very poor conditions. 323 00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:38,829 His family was poor. 324 00:13:38,830 --> 00:13:41,049 He wanted to be a mechanic but couldn't 325 00:13:41,050 --> 00:13:43,719 afford the apprenticeship, 326 00:13:43,720 --> 00:13:45,669 which cost money, so he had to become a 327 00:13:45,670 --> 00:13:47,049 farmhand. 328 00:13:47,050 --> 00:13:49,119 He joined the army 329 00:13:49,120 --> 00:13:51,339 in 1917, and 330 00:13:51,340 --> 00:13:53,409 through a stroke of luck, he 331 00:13:53,410 --> 00:13:55,629 was taught to be a radio 332 00:13:55,630 --> 00:13:58,029 technician for the Kaiser's army. 333 00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:02,109 Just like XGA, he developed communist 334 00:14:02,110 --> 00:14:04,689 leanings during the war, due 335 00:14:04,690 --> 00:14:07,029 through his experiences 336 00:14:07,030 --> 00:14:09,489 in World War One, turned communist 337 00:14:09,490 --> 00:14:11,559 and used his 338 00:14:11,560 --> 00:14:13,719 knowledge that he got in 339 00:14:13,720 --> 00:14:16,809 the army to become 340 00:14:16,810 --> 00:14:19,509 a radio communication 341 00:14:19,510 --> 00:14:21,699 engineer. And he learned 342 00:14:21,700 --> 00:14:22,700 encryption 343 00:14:24,130 --> 00:14:26,499 for his work in the Communist 344 00:14:26,500 --> 00:14:28,239 Party of Germany and later the Soviet 345 00:14:28,240 --> 00:14:29,240 Union. 346 00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:34,229 So in the 1920s, he also 347 00:14:34,230 --> 00:14:36,299 was invited to work in Moscow and 348 00:14:36,300 --> 00:14:37,889 made a name for himself 349 00:14:39,930 --> 00:14:41,609 through what he could do as a radio 350 00:14:41,610 --> 00:14:44,459 technician and was sent 351 00:14:44,460 --> 00:14:46,769 to Tokyo in 1935. 352 00:14:46,770 --> 00:14:48,539 As you can see, he survived 353 00:14:49,560 --> 00:14:51,659 the war. This is a 354 00:14:51,660 --> 00:14:53,099 picture from his later years. 355 00:14:55,650 --> 00:14:57,749 I can maybe, if we have time, go into 356 00:14:57,750 --> 00:14:59,669 detail about what happened to all these 357 00:14:59,670 --> 00:15:01,739 people at 358 00:15:01,740 --> 00:15:04,049 the end of the war after the war, but 359 00:15:04,050 --> 00:15:05,279 that's not really what I want to talk 360 00:15:05,280 --> 00:15:06,479 about. 361 00:15:06,480 --> 00:15:09,059 In nineteen thirty five, Clausen arrived 362 00:15:09,060 --> 00:15:11,279 in Tokyo and 363 00:15:11,280 --> 00:15:13,499 his job was to build a 364 00:15:13,500 --> 00:15:17,129 radio transmitter and receiver. 365 00:15:17,130 --> 00:15:19,619 He was not allowed to carry any technical 366 00:15:19,620 --> 00:15:20,939 equipment with him. 367 00:15:20,940 --> 00:15:23,099 Nothing. Not one vacuum 368 00:15:23,100 --> 00:15:25,319 tube. Not one coil 369 00:15:25,320 --> 00:15:27,089 that he might need. 370 00:15:27,090 --> 00:15:28,710 His only instructions were 371 00:15:30,180 --> 00:15:31,289 to use 372 00:15:32,730 --> 00:15:35,429 a wavelengths between 373 00:15:35,430 --> 00:15:37,559 thirty seven and three to nine meters for 374 00:15:37,560 --> 00:15:39,629 transmitting between forty 375 00:15:39,630 --> 00:15:41,399 five and forty eight meters for 376 00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:42,400 receiving. 377 00:15:43,140 --> 00:15:45,359 The rest was up to him and his experience 378 00:15:45,360 --> 00:15:47,699 to build a transmitter 379 00:15:47,700 --> 00:15:49,320 and receiver from scratch, 380 00:15:50,340 --> 00:15:52,709 using parts he could find at Tokyo 381 00:15:52,710 --> 00:15:54,839 radio supply shops without 382 00:15:54,840 --> 00:15:57,389 drawing any suspicion to himself. 383 00:15:57,390 --> 00:16:00,059 For example, he could not buy a Morse 384 00:16:03,540 --> 00:16:05,909 key transmitter key because that 385 00:16:05,910 --> 00:16:08,069 would have brought the police to his door 386 00:16:08,070 --> 00:16:10,199 very quickly. So he built 387 00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:12,359 his transmitter key using a wooden 388 00:16:12,360 --> 00:16:13,360 butter form. 389 00:16:15,780 --> 00:16:17,999 The transmitter he built 390 00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:20,309 consisted of a backlit 391 00:16:20,310 --> 00:16:22,589 panel attached to a wooden 392 00:16:22,590 --> 00:16:24,809 box about maybe about the size 393 00:16:24,810 --> 00:16:25,810 of a laptop. 394 00:16:27,420 --> 00:16:29,699 He used to vacuum tubes to 395 00:16:29,700 --> 00:16:31,349 coils, which could be mounted and 396 00:16:31,350 --> 00:16:33,479 dismounted, making this whole 397 00:16:33,480 --> 00:16:34,620 set very 398 00:16:36,540 --> 00:16:37,589 portable. 399 00:16:37,590 --> 00:16:39,809 He could fit it into a suitcase and carry 400 00:16:39,810 --> 00:16:41,700 it around, which he did. 401 00:16:46,470 --> 00:16:49,109 I don't know of anybody in here is 402 00:16:49,110 --> 00:16:51,749 a ham radio enthusiast. 403 00:16:51,750 --> 00:16:53,849 In that case, you could probably explain 404 00:16:53,850 --> 00:16:55,979 to me better than I 405 00:16:55,980 --> 00:16:58,320 could with all these 406 00:17:00,240 --> 00:17:01,499 diagrams mean. 407 00:17:04,839 --> 00:17:05,839 Obviously. 408 00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:09,299 I'm sure it is, if you're not a 409 00:17:09,300 --> 00:17:10,300 historian. 410 00:17:12,510 --> 00:17:13,510 Well. 411 00:17:16,790 --> 00:17:17,790 Anyway. 412 00:17:20,430 --> 00:17:22,858 The receiver he used was basically 413 00:17:22,859 --> 00:17:24,689 a simple ham radio. 414 00:17:24,690 --> 00:17:27,389 He used headphones instead of a speaker 415 00:17:27,390 --> 00:17:29,549 making it's portable to 416 00:17:29,550 --> 00:17:31,739 fit into a suitcase, and he just 417 00:17:31,740 --> 00:17:34,230 modified it for shortwave reception. 418 00:17:35,270 --> 00:17:37,559 I'm Klausen was actually able to set 419 00:17:37,560 --> 00:17:39,659 up his whole set in under 420 00:17:39,660 --> 00:17:41,129 10 minutes. 421 00:17:41,130 --> 00:17:43,169 He avoided using outside antenna, 422 00:17:44,520 --> 00:17:46,589 instead always working 423 00:17:46,590 --> 00:17:48,749 in wooden houses on the second 424 00:17:48,750 --> 00:17:50,999 floor, attaching 425 00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:53,609 an antenna of about seven meters 426 00:17:53,610 --> 00:17:54,610 to the roof. 427 00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:58,139 His receivers antenna was only 428 00:17:58,140 --> 00:18:00,719 about one meter. 429 00:18:00,720 --> 00:18:01,720 This one here, 430 00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:05,129 and he had some rules. 431 00:18:05,130 --> 00:18:07,229 He always used densely populated 432 00:18:07,230 --> 00:18:09,299 areas of Tokyo, which made it harder for 433 00:18:09,300 --> 00:18:11,909 the police to find out where exactly 434 00:18:11,910 --> 00:18:13,559 the signal was coming from. 435 00:18:13,560 --> 00:18:15,509 He always used wooden houses, which at 436 00:18:15,510 --> 00:18:18,359 that time were a lot, and Tokyo 437 00:18:18,360 --> 00:18:20,579 always use two-story houses. 438 00:18:24,630 --> 00:18:26,729 So with this, I 439 00:18:26,730 --> 00:18:29,309 understand very simple set. 440 00:18:29,310 --> 00:18:31,559 He was able to reach the 441 00:18:31,560 --> 00:18:33,839 Soviet Far East two thousand kilometers 442 00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:34,840 away. 443 00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:38,369 According to him, after the war, 444 00:18:38,370 --> 00:18:40,529 he explained how he built this 445 00:18:40,530 --> 00:18:42,599 whole thing and how he worked 446 00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:44,699 it. He said that atmospheric 447 00:18:44,700 --> 00:18:46,199 conditions were always best around 448 00:18:46,200 --> 00:18:48,299 sunrise and sunset, and I 449 00:18:48,300 --> 00:18:50,219 guess he didn't like to get up early. 450 00:18:50,220 --> 00:18:52,469 So he often worked around 451 00:18:52,470 --> 00:18:54,629 sunset, often for for 452 00:18:54,630 --> 00:18:57,179 hours on end, sometimes 453 00:18:57,180 --> 00:18:59,489 changing locations in between, twice 454 00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:02,879 driving to another friend's house, 455 00:19:02,880 --> 00:19:05,939 setting up again in under 10 minutes and 456 00:19:05,940 --> 00:19:06,940 going at it again. 457 00:19:08,610 --> 00:19:10,799 The Japanese secret police was 458 00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:12,869 actually on his case 459 00:19:12,870 --> 00:19:14,879 for a couple of years. 460 00:19:14,880 --> 00:19:17,159 They noticed that somebody was sending 461 00:19:17,160 --> 00:19:19,259 something and receiving something 462 00:19:19,260 --> 00:19:21,419 somewhere, but they had no idea where 463 00:19:21,420 --> 00:19:22,319 exactly. 464 00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:24,779 They couldn't pinpoint him, and 465 00:19:24,780 --> 00:19:27,299 they had no idea what the gibberish 466 00:19:27,300 --> 00:19:29,309 he was sending and receiving meant, 467 00:19:29,310 --> 00:19:30,310 because 468 00:19:31,710 --> 00:19:34,439 the things they could intercept 469 00:19:34,440 --> 00:19:35,880 looked basically like this. 470 00:19:39,170 --> 00:19:41,419 This was sent back and forth 471 00:19:41,420 --> 00:19:43,519 between Tokyo and as the 472 00:19:43,520 --> 00:19:45,919 Japanese police believe, may be somewhere 473 00:19:45,920 --> 00:19:48,109 in Korea because who could 474 00:19:48,110 --> 00:19:49,789 get any farther than Korea? 475 00:19:49,790 --> 00:19:50,790 It's impossible. 476 00:19:51,890 --> 00:19:54,229 So these columns of no 477 00:19:54,230 --> 00:19:56,269 is the police wrote them down. 478 00:19:59,540 --> 00:20:01,729 Intelligence tried to figure 479 00:20:01,730 --> 00:20:03,409 out what they meant, but they had no 480 00:20:03,410 --> 00:20:04,410 idea. 481 00:20:07,920 --> 00:20:10,319 What this message actually says 482 00:20:10,320 --> 00:20:11,790 is this 483 00:20:12,900 --> 00:20:15,179 first details, 484 00:20:15,180 --> 00:20:17,249 which stands for any of us 485 00:20:17,250 --> 00:20:20,009 talk. Far East and Russian. 486 00:20:20,010 --> 00:20:22,379 Then the message, which was sent 487 00:20:22,380 --> 00:20:24,839 in September of 1941, 488 00:20:24,840 --> 00:20:26,879 the Soviet Far East can be considered 489 00:20:26,880 --> 00:20:29,099 safe from a Japanese attack 490 00:20:29,100 --> 00:20:31,169 RAMSI, which was 491 00:20:31,170 --> 00:20:32,579 the codename of the August group. 492 00:20:35,730 --> 00:20:37,769 And now, yes, we have good timing. 493 00:20:39,210 --> 00:20:41,579 I'd like to look 494 00:20:41,580 --> 00:20:43,889 a little bit and walk you through how 495 00:20:43,890 --> 00:20:46,679 this becomes that 496 00:20:46,680 --> 00:20:48,779 in the end, it's 497 00:20:48,780 --> 00:20:50,369 very easy. 498 00:20:50,370 --> 00:20:52,589 And it was 499 00:20:52,590 --> 00:20:53,590 uncrackable. 500 00:20:55,290 --> 00:20:57,539 The secret police of Japan 501 00:20:57,540 --> 00:20:58,800 only found out 502 00:21:00,240 --> 00:21:03,149 how these messages were encoded after 503 00:21:03,150 --> 00:21:05,579 they had by accident, 504 00:21:05,580 --> 00:21:08,099 stumbled upon this group, 505 00:21:08,100 --> 00:21:10,199 arrested them and asked 506 00:21:10,200 --> 00:21:11,969 them what they were. 507 00:21:13,440 --> 00:21:15,629 So first of all, these messages 508 00:21:15,630 --> 00:21:17,609 were always written in German. 509 00:21:22,710 --> 00:21:23,710 Why is that funny? 510 00:21:26,680 --> 00:21:28,749 First was always DHL, which was 511 00:21:28,750 --> 00:21:30,769 the code for Far East. 512 00:21:30,770 --> 00:21:32,799 Then the message which sometimes was 513 00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:34,999 longer, sometimes like I said, 514 00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:37,779 Klausen send for like four hours 515 00:21:37,780 --> 00:21:40,209 and he sent about 516 00:21:40,210 --> 00:21:42,159 twenty three thousand twenty nine 517 00:21:42,160 --> 00:21:44,679 thousand words per year. 518 00:21:44,680 --> 00:21:46,629 Sometimes these messages were much 519 00:21:46,630 --> 00:21:48,879 longer, but we don't have 520 00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:49,989 that much time today. 521 00:21:49,990 --> 00:21:52,839 So that was 522 00:21:52,840 --> 00:21:55,689 what's what Klausen started with. 523 00:21:55,690 --> 00:21:58,539 First of all, he gave 524 00:21:58,540 --> 00:22:00,639 every letter in the English alphabet one 525 00:22:00,640 --> 00:22:01,640 number. 526 00:22:02,350 --> 00:22:04,689 The most common letters got single digit 527 00:22:04,690 --> 00:22:06,069 numbers. 528 00:22:06,070 --> 00:22:08,379 The others got numbers between 80 529 00:22:08,380 --> 00:22:09,380 and 99. 530 00:22:10,720 --> 00:22:12,190 And then he went to 531 00:22:13,210 --> 00:22:16,839 give every word its numbers. 532 00:22:16,840 --> 00:22:19,119 So DHL is eighty three five, ninety 533 00:22:19,120 --> 00:22:21,489 three, DEA is 534 00:22:21,490 --> 00:22:23,649 eighty three, three, four and so on 535 00:22:23,650 --> 00:22:24,789 and so forth. 536 00:22:24,790 --> 00:22:26,919 And he put all these numbers 537 00:22:26,920 --> 00:22:28,480 into blocks of five. 538 00:22:29,920 --> 00:22:32,019 And I think we can agree that that 539 00:22:32,020 --> 00:22:33,939 is not very safe. 540 00:22:33,940 --> 00:22:35,829 I'm sure everybody here could crack that 541 00:22:35,830 --> 00:22:38,619 code with a little bit of time because 542 00:22:38,620 --> 00:22:40,809 those very common letters 543 00:22:40,810 --> 00:22:42,909 have always the same numbers 544 00:22:42,910 --> 00:22:45,969 and you can basically derive 545 00:22:45,970 --> 00:22:48,309 where the are and where the these 546 00:22:48,310 --> 00:22:49,389 are. 547 00:22:49,390 --> 00:22:51,789 So what we need is 548 00:22:51,790 --> 00:22:53,139 a second code. 549 00:22:53,140 --> 00:22:54,369 We need a book cipher 550 00:22:55,540 --> 00:22:56,919 and to use a book cipher. 551 00:22:56,920 --> 00:22:59,589 We need a book which 552 00:22:59,590 --> 00:23:01,689 the person who encodes 553 00:23:01,690 --> 00:23:04,269 the messages and the person who decodes 554 00:23:04,270 --> 00:23:06,699 the messages knows about and nobody 555 00:23:06,700 --> 00:23:07,749 else knows about. 556 00:23:07,750 --> 00:23:09,249 That's important. 557 00:23:09,250 --> 00:23:11,409 And it has to be a very common, 558 00:23:11,410 --> 00:23:12,489 inconspicuous book. 559 00:23:13,660 --> 00:23:16,239 This is the statistical yearbook 560 00:23:16,240 --> 00:23:18,489 for the German guys in 561 00:23:18,490 --> 00:23:20,019 nineteen forty one. 562 00:23:20,020 --> 00:23:22,359 Clausen used 563 00:23:22,360 --> 00:23:24,279 the year of nineteen thirty five 564 00:23:26,350 --> 00:23:28,959 and it was very inconspicuous 565 00:23:28,960 --> 00:23:31,059 to have this because Clausen was 566 00:23:31,060 --> 00:23:33,279 a businessman in Tokyo. 567 00:23:33,280 --> 00:23:35,229 Zarda was a journalist writing for 568 00:23:35,230 --> 00:23:36,699 business newspapers. 569 00:23:36,700 --> 00:23:39,009 He needed these statistics. 570 00:23:39,010 --> 00:23:41,199 This this book basically consists 571 00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:43,749 of pages and pages of 572 00:23:43,750 --> 00:23:45,670 tables and charts full of numbers. 573 00:23:48,730 --> 00:23:51,069 So what we do now is 574 00:23:51,070 --> 00:23:53,559 we pick a page, any page 575 00:23:53,560 --> 00:23:55,569 which has a nice table with lots of 576 00:23:55,570 --> 00:23:57,759 numbers, let's say Page 577 00:23:57,760 --> 00:23:58,760 193. 578 00:24:00,070 --> 00:24:02,649 It's something about travel 579 00:24:02,650 --> 00:24:05,379 in the most important German harbors, 580 00:24:05,380 --> 00:24:06,380 whatever. 581 00:24:07,390 --> 00:24:09,579 Then we 582 00:24:09,580 --> 00:24:11,829 pick a line one 583 00:24:11,830 --> 00:24:14,439 two three four five six seven 584 00:24:14,440 --> 00:24:17,079 nine seven from the top. 585 00:24:17,080 --> 00:24:18,879 And we pick column. 586 00:24:18,880 --> 00:24:21,009 We don't care about the 587 00:24:21,010 --> 00:24:22,719 year. We just pick column one, two, three 588 00:24:22,720 --> 00:24:24,999 four or five line seven. 589 00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:26,319 It's one 13. 590 00:24:27,340 --> 00:24:29,439 And to confuse 591 00:24:29,440 --> 00:24:31,299 us even more, we start with the last 592 00:24:31,300 --> 00:24:32,619 number three. 593 00:24:33,910 --> 00:24:35,809 Then we just go round. 594 00:24:37,090 --> 00:24:39,939 Next line, next line and so on. 595 00:24:39,940 --> 00:24:42,219 And we 596 00:24:42,220 --> 00:24:45,909 write the first five numbers 597 00:24:45,910 --> 00:24:48,039 under the five numbers 598 00:24:48,040 --> 00:24:49,040 of 599 00:24:50,350 --> 00:24:51,450 the alphabet code. 600 00:24:56,650 --> 00:24:57,650 What now? 601 00:25:01,570 --> 00:25:02,570 We add this up, 602 00:25:04,180 --> 00:25:06,649 so we add up eight and three, it's 11, 603 00:25:06,650 --> 00:25:08,799 we omit the first one. 604 00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:11,439 We have one, three and five is eight 605 00:25:11,440 --> 00:25:13,569 five and six is 11 again nine and three 606 00:25:13,570 --> 00:25:15,969 is 12 three and five is eight 607 00:25:15,970 --> 00:25:18,579 and so on and so forth. 608 00:25:18,580 --> 00:25:20,920 The finished code is basically this 609 00:25:22,240 --> 00:25:24,399 again, we have columns of 610 00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:25,299 five. 611 00:25:25,300 --> 00:25:26,300 OK, that's too far. 612 00:25:27,910 --> 00:25:29,229 This is our result. 613 00:25:29,230 --> 00:25:32,079 This is what we send to Vladivostok. 614 00:25:32,080 --> 00:25:34,389 But now our recipient 615 00:25:34,390 --> 00:25:36,009 needs to know which page we have been 616 00:25:36,010 --> 00:25:38,169 using, of course, because otherwise 617 00:25:38,170 --> 00:25:40,329 they would be searched forever. 618 00:25:40,330 --> 00:25:41,350 So we take 619 00:25:44,140 --> 00:25:46,180 the page number 193, 620 00:25:47,440 --> 00:25:48,970 the line and the column. 621 00:25:50,080 --> 00:25:52,299 We add this to the fourth block 622 00:25:52,300 --> 00:25:54,399 of five numbers from the top. 623 00:25:54,400 --> 00:25:56,409 And the third block of five numbers from 624 00:25:56,410 --> 00:25:57,729 the bottom. 625 00:25:57,730 --> 00:25:59,469 And we get five one eight three three 626 00:26:00,760 --> 00:26:02,019 and we put this 627 00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:04,509 on top of our message. 628 00:26:06,370 --> 00:26:08,439 So that's what we just 629 00:26:08,440 --> 00:26:10,719 Morse code to Vladivostok 630 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:12,789 and Vladivostok goes, OK, five 631 00:26:12,790 --> 00:26:14,919 one eight three three is 632 00:26:14,920 --> 00:26:17,589 the result of this plus 633 00:26:17,590 --> 00:26:18,910 this somehow? 634 00:26:22,290 --> 00:26:24,659 Well, you get four plus zero 635 00:26:24,660 --> 00:26:26,189 is for we need five. 636 00:26:26,190 --> 00:26:29,039 So one, six plus six is 12. 637 00:26:29,040 --> 00:26:30,749 We need one. 638 00:26:30,750 --> 00:26:33,329 The next one would be twenty one 639 00:26:33,330 --> 00:26:34,589 nine. 640 00:26:34,590 --> 00:26:36,269 One plus four is five. 641 00:26:36,270 --> 00:26:38,429 We need eight. So three 642 00:26:38,430 --> 00:26:39,779 one plus five is six. 643 00:26:39,780 --> 00:26:42,539 We need to get to 13. 644 00:26:42,540 --> 00:26:44,759 Seven eight plus zero 645 00:26:44,760 --> 00:26:46,559 is eight. We need to get to 13 again. 646 00:26:46,560 --> 00:26:49,949 Five. So it's Page 193, 647 00:26:49,950 --> 00:26:51,989 Line seven, column five. 648 00:26:51,990 --> 00:26:54,659 And we do all this in reverse and 649 00:26:54,660 --> 00:26:57,239 we get to know 650 00:26:57,240 --> 00:26:58,240 we get to 651 00:27:00,450 --> 00:27:02,759 the Soviet Far East can be considered 652 00:27:02,760 --> 00:27:05,249 safe from a Japanese attack. 653 00:27:05,250 --> 00:27:06,250 But. 654 00:27:15,700 --> 00:27:17,769 And of course, we do this without 655 00:27:17,770 --> 00:27:20,529 a computer. We use paper and pen 656 00:27:20,530 --> 00:27:23,049 and and said he was able to 657 00:27:23,050 --> 00:27:25,539 encode 500 blocks 658 00:27:25,540 --> 00:27:28,689 of these five numbers in one hour. 659 00:27:28,690 --> 00:27:29,690 He was that good. 660 00:27:32,620 --> 00:27:35,199 And then what we also need 661 00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:37,629 is to make an appointment 662 00:27:37,630 --> 00:27:39,729 for the next contact, which was 663 00:27:39,730 --> 00:27:41,829 always put at the end of every 664 00:27:41,830 --> 00:27:42,830 message. 665 00:27:45,520 --> 00:27:47,139 Relatively simple. 666 00:27:47,140 --> 00:27:49,299 Every day of the week 667 00:27:49,300 --> 00:27:50,829 was encoded. 668 00:27:50,830 --> 00:27:53,649 I don't know if anybody can guess 669 00:27:53,650 --> 00:27:54,759 what this is, 670 00:27:55,840 --> 00:27:58,179 how you get to these 671 00:27:58,180 --> 00:28:00,249 letters, if you read them from the 672 00:28:00,250 --> 00:28:01,250 top. 673 00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:04,960 It's actually. 674 00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:12,609 It's the first 21 letters 675 00:28:12,610 --> 00:28:14,979 of a common German 676 00:28:14,980 --> 00:28:17,319 saying modern standard 677 00:28:17,320 --> 00:28:19,479 got it in wonder, which is 678 00:28:19,480 --> 00:28:21,729 basically German for the early 679 00:28:21,730 --> 00:28:23,109 bird catches the warm. 680 00:28:26,270 --> 00:28:28,429 Because, you know, atmospheric conditions 681 00:28:28,430 --> 00:28:30,479 during sunrise, which clouds did not 682 00:28:30,480 --> 00:28:33,649 depreciate so much, but 683 00:28:33,650 --> 00:28:35,779 so we take these first 21 684 00:28:35,780 --> 00:28:38,029 letters every day gets 685 00:28:38,030 --> 00:28:40,099 three Mondays empty 686 00:28:40,100 --> 00:28:42,409 Tuesdays. Oh Doug. 687 00:28:42,410 --> 00:28:44,599 And then let's say the next contact is 688 00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:47,329 on Tuesday, the 31st next week, 689 00:28:47,330 --> 00:28:49,519 because usually contacts were made once 690 00:28:49,520 --> 00:28:52,069 a week. Clouds transmitted 691 00:28:52,070 --> 00:28:54,349 about 60 times in 1939, 692 00:28:54,350 --> 00:28:56,599 about 60 times in 1940, 693 00:28:56,600 --> 00:28:58,729 so everybody always knew it's the next 694 00:28:58,730 --> 00:29:01,099 Tuesday. That was clear. 695 00:29:01,100 --> 00:29:02,780 So it's Tuesday, 696 00:29:04,460 --> 00:29:06,589 the thirty first at 697 00:29:06,590 --> 00:29:09,319 1500 Greenwich mean time. 698 00:29:09,320 --> 00:29:11,599 There would be 30 first 30 one 699 00:29:11,600 --> 00:29:12,979 plus 15 is forty six. 700 00:29:12,980 --> 00:29:15,409 So Tuesday forty six, 701 00:29:15,410 --> 00:29:17,539 that's well. 702 00:29:21,090 --> 00:29:22,230 That's it, basically. 703 00:29:26,780 --> 00:29:28,489 Well, I'm very fast. 704 00:29:28,490 --> 00:29:30,949 I thought I would take too long 705 00:29:30,950 --> 00:29:32,179 anyway. 706 00:29:32,180 --> 00:29:34,429 You're lucky today because I tried 707 00:29:34,430 --> 00:29:36,649 to upload this alphabet 708 00:29:36,650 --> 00:29:38,929 with the corresponding numbers and 709 00:29:38,930 --> 00:29:41,719 give you a little homework 710 00:29:41,720 --> 00:29:42,720 to do. 711 00:29:43,490 --> 00:29:45,259 I tried to upload this, which is 712 00:29:45,260 --> 00:29:47,389 basically all you need to do this 713 00:29:47,390 --> 00:29:48,319 kind of encryption. 714 00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:49,939 You need this alphabet. 715 00:29:49,940 --> 00:29:51,619 You need to know the book. 716 00:29:51,620 --> 00:29:54,049 You need to just pick any page, line 717 00:29:54,050 --> 00:29:55,969 and column, and then you need to 718 00:29:57,170 --> 00:29:59,269 at the end and code the 719 00:29:59,270 --> 00:30:01,429 page, line and column using 720 00:30:01,430 --> 00:30:03,439 the fourth group of five from the top and 721 00:30:03,440 --> 00:30:06,019 the third group of five from the bottom. 722 00:30:06,020 --> 00:30:07,879 And I wanted to upload that so you could 723 00:30:07,880 --> 00:30:10,009 look at it. But the page didn't 724 00:30:10,010 --> 00:30:10,969 really work today. 725 00:30:10,970 --> 00:30:12,680 I couldn't upload it, 726 00:30:13,820 --> 00:30:16,339 and I wanted to just ask you to encode 727 00:30:16,340 --> 00:30:17,299 this. 728 00:30:17,300 --> 00:30:19,699 You can find the statistical yearbook 729 00:30:19,700 --> 00:30:21,859 on WW dot digits chose 730 00:30:21,860 --> 00:30:22,819 and. 731 00:30:22,820 --> 00:30:24,829 And you could email me. 732 00:30:24,830 --> 00:30:26,479 You can also email me if you have any 733 00:30:26,480 --> 00:30:28,039 questions later on. 734 00:30:30,190 --> 00:30:32,669 And now I think we still have good time. 735 00:30:32,670 --> 00:30:33,670 So. 736 00:30:35,060 --> 00:30:36,060 Anything else? 737 00:30:37,820 --> 00:30:38,820 Thank you. 738 00:30:57,180 --> 00:30:59,369 OK. So sorry, are have no microphone, 739 00:30:59,370 --> 00:31:01,199 so no moderation. 740 00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:03,179 If you have questions, just please line 741 00:31:03,180 --> 00:31:05,969 up at the microphones here in the room. 742 00:31:05,970 --> 00:31:07,589 There's one over there and one here where 743 00:31:07,590 --> 00:31:08,709 I'm standing. 744 00:31:08,710 --> 00:31:10,499 And we also have questions from the 745 00:31:10,500 --> 00:31:12,659 internets that are from our lovely signal 746 00:31:12,660 --> 00:31:13,769 angel in the back. 747 00:31:13,770 --> 00:31:15,569 So because there is no one standing here, 748 00:31:15,570 --> 00:31:18,419 the microphone, we'll just start with one 749 00:31:18,420 --> 00:31:19,829 question from our senior 750 00:31:21,660 --> 00:31:23,909 OK. The question for mercy 751 00:31:23,910 --> 00:31:26,039 is how did they know when 752 00:31:26,040 --> 00:31:27,809 the transmitter starts? 753 00:31:27,810 --> 00:31:30,239 Did they just send the message 754 00:31:30,240 --> 00:31:31,799 once at the specific time? 755 00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:34,529 Or was there some scheme to say 756 00:31:34,530 --> 00:31:37,559 when the transmission starts? 757 00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:38,789 Well, basically yes. 758 00:31:38,790 --> 00:31:40,859 They they just had at 759 00:31:40,860 --> 00:31:42,959 the end of each message, they 760 00:31:44,520 --> 00:31:46,739 had this this simple code 761 00:31:46,740 --> 00:31:48,809 when they would transmit again, 762 00:31:48,810 --> 00:31:51,719 like next Tuesday at 5500. 763 00:31:51,720 --> 00:31:53,489 And the person, on the other hand, would 764 00:31:53,490 --> 00:31:55,439 on the other end would just stand by and 765 00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:56,440 listen. 766 00:31:57,270 --> 00:31:59,399 And if conditions were good and 767 00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:01,229 they came through, then they just did it 768 00:32:01,230 --> 00:32:02,250 at it. 769 00:32:05,180 --> 00:32:06,729 I think that was. 770 00:32:06,730 --> 00:32:07,749 Yeah. 771 00:32:07,750 --> 00:32:09,879 And to make sure that 772 00:32:09,880 --> 00:32:11,649 it was actually the right person 773 00:32:11,650 --> 00:32:13,599 transmitting the you had this this 774 00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:16,299 cordial Wasaga 775 00:32:16,300 --> 00:32:18,489 was the Far East. 776 00:32:18,490 --> 00:32:20,739 So Vladivostok knew 777 00:32:20,740 --> 00:32:23,199 that it was Zada and not somebody else. 778 00:32:23,200 --> 00:32:24,879 By starting the message, always with 779 00:32:24,880 --> 00:32:27,169 details, I 780 00:32:27,170 --> 00:32:29,559 hope that answers the question. 781 00:32:32,650 --> 00:32:34,479 I have a question that's probably more 782 00:32:34,480 --> 00:32:35,619 for the audience. 783 00:32:35,620 --> 00:32:37,749 And that's 784 00:32:37,750 --> 00:32:40,689 I was wondering how long it would take 785 00:32:40,690 --> 00:32:43,359 with Google scanning all those books. 786 00:32:43,360 --> 00:32:45,549 If you picked one random book, you have 787 00:32:45,550 --> 00:32:47,769 a favorite with a friend 788 00:32:47,770 --> 00:32:49,689 how long it would actually take if you 789 00:32:49,690 --> 00:32:51,579 would use a very similar principle, but 790 00:32:51,580 --> 00:32:53,889 not maybe the same row in the same column 791 00:32:53,890 --> 00:32:55,989 to actually correct that and to get 792 00:32:55,990 --> 00:32:58,399 to know which book is needed to decipher 793 00:32:58,400 --> 00:32:59,400 the. 794 00:33:03,940 --> 00:33:04,940 Anybody. 795 00:33:06,160 --> 00:33:07,239 Anyone. 796 00:33:07,240 --> 00:33:08,619 An educated guess 797 00:33:10,570 --> 00:33:11,770 the only learned in Congress. 798 00:33:19,590 --> 00:33:22,109 Um, I have an idea, and 799 00:33:22,110 --> 00:33:24,780 it's a statistical sentiment that numbers 800 00:33:25,860 --> 00:33:28,049 occur in different amounts, 801 00:33:28,050 --> 00:33:30,419 in every paper and in every 802 00:33:31,740 --> 00:33:33,809 step of the task, 803 00:33:33,810 --> 00:33:34,949 which is unfolding now. 804 00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:39,630 OK. For the first digit and 805 00:33:40,830 --> 00:33:43,019 I don't know 806 00:33:43,020 --> 00:33:45,089 how it called, and maybe this is a 807 00:33:45,090 --> 00:33:47,189 site where you can attack 808 00:33:47,190 --> 00:33:50,219 this code, but 809 00:33:50,220 --> 00:33:52,349 I don't know. I'm not very good 810 00:33:52,350 --> 00:33:54,089 at encoding the last picture. 811 00:33:56,310 --> 00:33:58,619 OK. I mean, it should be. 812 00:33:58,620 --> 00:34:01,009 Here's something someone say is under 813 00:34:01,010 --> 00:34:03,119 attack the last digit and not 814 00:34:03,120 --> 00:34:05,189 the first. And 815 00:34:05,190 --> 00:34:06,619 this phenomenon 816 00:34:08,100 --> 00:34:10,619 is related to the first digit and 817 00:34:10,620 --> 00:34:12,839 one is the most common 818 00:34:12,840 --> 00:34:14,579 number and that. 819 00:34:14,580 --> 00:34:17,428 And so 820 00:34:17,429 --> 00:34:19,019 if they attack last digit, 821 00:34:20,310 --> 00:34:21,480 it's not a solution. 822 00:34:26,610 --> 00:34:28,759 And I just wanted to thank the speaker 823 00:34:28,760 --> 00:34:30,439 for that very interesting talk about 824 00:34:30,440 --> 00:34:31,579 analog crypto. 825 00:34:32,810 --> 00:34:34,000 You're welcome. Still. 826 00:34:39,989 --> 00:34:41,488 Yeah, hello. Thanks for the talk. 827 00:34:41,489 --> 00:34:43,319 Also, it's very interesting. 828 00:34:43,320 --> 00:34:45,059 I was wondering who came up with that 829 00:34:45,060 --> 00:34:47,369 kind of code, was it sorghum himself or 830 00:34:47,370 --> 00:34:49,589 close and what his name was or the 831 00:34:49,590 --> 00:34:51,809 German? No, Jim and the Russian military 832 00:34:51,810 --> 00:34:53,369 or whoever? 833 00:34:53,370 --> 00:34:55,439 Yes, basically, 834 00:34:55,440 --> 00:34:57,599 the Russian military intelligence 835 00:34:57,600 --> 00:34:58,919 instructed XGA 836 00:35:00,570 --> 00:35:02,969 not on which book to pick, 837 00:35:02,970 --> 00:35:04,829 but they came up with this kind of 838 00:35:04,830 --> 00:35:07,499 encryption, of course, and first 839 00:35:07,500 --> 00:35:09,569 XGA did the encryption himself 840 00:35:09,570 --> 00:35:12,119 up to nineteen thirty seven because 841 00:35:12,120 --> 00:35:14,489 actually it was a rule that the one 842 00:35:14,490 --> 00:35:16,409 that the person transmitting should not 843 00:35:16,410 --> 00:35:19,019 do the encoding for safety 844 00:35:19,020 --> 00:35:20,579 reasons. 845 00:35:20,580 --> 00:35:23,039 So first of all, Zogg did the encryption 846 00:35:23,040 --> 00:35:25,439 and gave it gave the sheets of numbers 847 00:35:25,440 --> 00:35:27,659 to Klausen, who then sent them. 848 00:35:27,660 --> 00:35:29,759 But in nineteen thirty eight, XGA 849 00:35:29,760 --> 00:35:31,530 had a pretty, 850 00:35:34,800 --> 00:35:37,079 pretty serious motorcycle 851 00:35:37,080 --> 00:35:39,269 accident while driving drunk, 852 00:35:39,270 --> 00:35:40,270 and 853 00:35:42,420 --> 00:35:44,849 he he then tied 854 00:35:44,850 --> 00:35:46,769 in the how to encode the messages, and 855 00:35:46,770 --> 00:35:48,599 Clausen was actually better at it. 856 00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:49,649 He was faster. 857 00:35:49,650 --> 00:35:50,650 OK, so. 858 00:35:53,810 --> 00:35:55,519 Hello. I just wanted to 859 00:35:57,170 --> 00:35:59,539 state that between safe 860 00:35:59,540 --> 00:36:01,669 and unsafe coops, there's just 861 00:36:01,670 --> 00:36:03,919 one bit there's another speech 862 00:36:03,920 --> 00:36:05,299 later in the days. 863 00:36:05,300 --> 00:36:07,369 Is this this case? 864 00:36:07,370 --> 00:36:09,799 If the first letters DHL were always 865 00:36:09,800 --> 00:36:11,109 the same? 866 00:36:11,110 --> 00:36:13,369 Is this something like this was 867 00:36:13,370 --> 00:36:16,039 taken to crack enigma messages? 868 00:36:16,040 --> 00:36:17,040 Yes. 869 00:36:18,560 --> 00:36:19,760 And of course, 870 00:36:21,170 --> 00:36:23,719 adding something not multiplying 871 00:36:23,720 --> 00:36:27,019 is a weak, quite weak 872 00:36:27,020 --> 00:36:28,219 encryption. 873 00:36:28,220 --> 00:36:30,349 So if you if the chance to multiply 874 00:36:30,350 --> 00:36:32,539 something with such a terrible article 875 00:36:32,540 --> 00:36:34,849 and adding is must 876 00:36:34,850 --> 00:36:36,649 not be the best? 877 00:36:36,650 --> 00:36:37,009 Yes. 878 00:36:37,010 --> 00:36:39,289 And I don't think that this is 879 00:36:39,290 --> 00:36:41,539 this would be done today. 880 00:36:41,540 --> 00:36:42,540 So. 881 00:36:44,630 --> 00:36:46,789 Well, I'd just like 882 00:36:46,790 --> 00:36:48,439 to say the question always. 883 00:36:48,440 --> 00:36:50,869 When you do this kind of hand encryption 884 00:36:50,870 --> 00:36:53,029 is convenience and 885 00:36:53,030 --> 00:36:54,499 safety. 886 00:36:54,500 --> 00:36:56,959 I mean, if you have a very, very, 887 00:36:56,960 --> 00:36:58,819 very safe encryption, it just gets too 888 00:36:58,820 --> 00:37:00,949 complicated and too hard to encrypt is 889 00:37:00,950 --> 00:37:02,839 by hand. So you have to find like a 890 00:37:02,840 --> 00:37:04,759 middle way between convenience what you 891 00:37:04,760 --> 00:37:05,760 can do 892 00:37:06,830 --> 00:37:08,449 without, you know, working round the 893 00:37:08,450 --> 00:37:10,789 clock on it and safety, 894 00:37:10,790 --> 00:37:11,790 I guess. 895 00:37:13,370 --> 00:37:14,370 The 896 00:37:15,960 --> 00:37:18,629 is it known how he first exchanged 897 00:37:18,630 --> 00:37:21,179 the ciphers with the Russians, 898 00:37:21,180 --> 00:37:23,279 with you, said he wasn't 899 00:37:23,280 --> 00:37:26,009 told which book to use which cipher. 900 00:37:26,010 --> 00:37:28,259 When did he first tell them 901 00:37:28,260 --> 00:37:30,719 how he turned and called us? 902 00:37:30,720 --> 00:37:33,029 Well, in the early years 903 00:37:33,030 --> 00:37:34,649 he spent in Japan. 904 00:37:34,650 --> 00:37:37,409 There were also other contacts. 905 00:37:37,410 --> 00:37:40,979 He had microfilm smuggled 906 00:37:40,980 --> 00:37:43,649 to the Soviet Union, and 907 00:37:43,650 --> 00:37:45,779 in some cases 908 00:37:45,780 --> 00:37:47,999 there were actually people contacting 909 00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:50,069 the Soviet embassy, which was 910 00:37:50,070 --> 00:37:51,659 an absolute no go. 911 00:37:51,660 --> 00:37:53,489 Which was too dangerous. 912 00:37:53,490 --> 00:37:55,619 But at first they 913 00:37:55,620 --> 00:37:57,779 had other means of communication, 914 00:37:57,780 --> 00:38:00,869 like the classic spy, 915 00:38:00,870 --> 00:38:03,059 which you see in spy movies that 916 00:38:03,060 --> 00:38:04,379 they meet somewhere and they just 917 00:38:04,380 --> 00:38:07,139 exchange stuff and exchanged suitcases 918 00:38:07,140 --> 00:38:08,140 and things. 919 00:38:10,350 --> 00:38:12,989 Another question from the internet. 920 00:38:12,990 --> 00:38:15,269 So, yeah, the internet would like to know 921 00:38:15,270 --> 00:38:18,419 if if this was the 922 00:38:18,420 --> 00:38:20,759 this kind of book super was already news 923 00:38:20,760 --> 00:38:23,429 before, or this was the first time and 924 00:38:23,430 --> 00:38:26,099 there is it still 925 00:38:26,100 --> 00:38:27,100 actually in use? 926 00:38:29,730 --> 00:38:31,169 Well, it was. 927 00:38:31,170 --> 00:38:33,959 It was certainly used before 928 00:38:33,960 --> 00:38:37,439 it was used. 929 00:38:37,440 --> 00:38:39,809 I'm not sure if before the Soviet Union, 930 00:38:39,810 --> 00:38:42,540 but it was used in other cases, 931 00:38:43,950 --> 00:38:46,499 especially in Russian 932 00:38:46,500 --> 00:38:47,500 history. 933 00:38:48,180 --> 00:38:50,969 I can't really come up with a spoon 934 00:38:50,970 --> 00:38:53,189 with a special group right now who use 935 00:38:53,190 --> 00:38:55,379 this, but Zynga was not 936 00:38:55,380 --> 00:38:56,380 the first. 937 00:38:57,930 --> 00:38:59,400 This was invented for. 938 00:39:03,580 --> 00:39:05,889 And the second part of the question was, 939 00:39:05,890 --> 00:39:07,809 yeah, I'm actually 940 00:39:10,060 --> 00:39:11,739 the second part of the question was, is 941 00:39:11,740 --> 00:39:14,289 this still being used? 942 00:39:14,290 --> 00:39:15,340 Yes. Yes. 943 00:39:19,120 --> 00:39:21,369 Well, who still 944 00:39:21,370 --> 00:39:23,559 uses analog encryption, 945 00:39:24,670 --> 00:39:27,009 secret code us, too. 946 00:39:27,010 --> 00:39:28,010 I'm sorry. 947 00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:30,779 There was there 948 00:39:30,780 --> 00:39:31,780 was a 949 00:39:33,460 --> 00:39:35,709 column in a block from 950 00:39:35,710 --> 00:39:37,179 a cryptology list, and there are some 951 00:39:37,180 --> 00:39:38,649 cases like the soda could. 952 00:39:38,650 --> 00:39:40,839 I did this? He was. 953 00:39:40,840 --> 00:39:41,979 Yes. 954 00:39:41,980 --> 00:39:44,889 Yeah. I was going to say, not exactly. 955 00:39:44,890 --> 00:39:46,959 Maybe not in the sense of, you know, big 956 00:39:46,960 --> 00:39:49,239 politics, but of 957 00:39:49,240 --> 00:39:50,350 course. 958 00:39:52,580 --> 00:39:54,919 Yeah, crazy people like the Zodiac Killer 959 00:39:54,920 --> 00:39:57,499 use encryption by hand, and 960 00:39:57,500 --> 00:39:59,659 it's a good example and 961 00:39:59,660 --> 00:40:01,519 I mean, children do this, of course, 962 00:40:01,520 --> 00:40:02,520 because it's fun. 963 00:40:03,390 --> 00:40:05,749 And another question 964 00:40:05,750 --> 00:40:06,750 if it becomes, you know, 965 00:40:08,120 --> 00:40:10,219 one short note, I think at least 966 00:40:10,220 --> 00:40:12,389 up until the 80s, similar stuff 967 00:40:12,390 --> 00:40:14,659 as we're used to decrypt messages 968 00:40:14,660 --> 00:40:15,679 from no stations. 969 00:40:15,680 --> 00:40:18,179 I think it's a bit more complicated 970 00:40:18,180 --> 00:40:20,809 than not with with the ending and with 971 00:40:20,810 --> 00:40:22,099 one time pets. 972 00:40:22,100 --> 00:40:23,689 But it's quite similar. 973 00:40:24,710 --> 00:40:25,710 Thank you. 974 00:40:26,810 --> 00:40:29,569 Another question is sorry, 975 00:40:29,570 --> 00:40:31,669 there's this system is small. 976 00:40:31,670 --> 00:40:33,899 It's just a substitution, a letter. 977 00:40:33,900 --> 00:40:35,149 So you just have 978 00:40:36,150 --> 00:40:37,159 a sing. 979 00:40:37,160 --> 00:40:39,229 You have to quote in linear form and 980 00:40:39,230 --> 00:40:40,129 you don't change it. 981 00:40:40,130 --> 00:40:43,159 You just add or subtract 982 00:40:43,160 --> 00:40:45,529 values, especially 983 00:40:45,530 --> 00:40:47,689 in second. Virtual tours are also he was 984 00:40:47,690 --> 00:40:50,179 still some transposition 985 00:40:50,180 --> 00:40:52,489 codes, so I didn't say where you 986 00:40:52,490 --> 00:40:55,189 put it into a square and then you change 987 00:40:55,190 --> 00:40:57,029 columns and things like this. 988 00:40:57,030 --> 00:40:58,549 Why didn't they use this one in this 989 00:40:58,550 --> 00:40:59,689 case? 990 00:40:59,690 --> 00:41:01,879 Well, why they didn't use 991 00:41:01,880 --> 00:41:04,039 it? I'm sure they were able to use it. 992 00:41:04,040 --> 00:41:05,879 But actually, I'm 993 00:41:07,580 --> 00:41:09,859 I'm not sure if there are any 994 00:41:09,860 --> 00:41:12,619 sources out there on 995 00:41:12,620 --> 00:41:15,109 this early time of the XGA 996 00:41:15,110 --> 00:41:17,839 group, his instructions he got. 997 00:41:17,840 --> 00:41:19,909 There are some sources 998 00:41:19,910 --> 00:41:22,459 have been published in the 1990s 999 00:41:22,460 --> 00:41:24,949 after the Russian archives 1000 00:41:24,950 --> 00:41:27,349 were opened for a while and books 1001 00:41:27,350 --> 00:41:28,399 have been published. 1002 00:41:28,400 --> 00:41:30,499 For example, these messages 1003 00:41:30,500 --> 00:41:32,629 with the exact dates and these telegrams 1004 00:41:32,630 --> 00:41:33,949 were published. 1005 00:41:33,950 --> 00:41:36,739 And then after two thousand 1006 00:41:36,740 --> 00:41:38,899 in the era of Putin, a lot 1007 00:41:38,900 --> 00:41:41,509 of archives have been closed again, 1008 00:41:41,510 --> 00:41:43,639 and I haven't come 1009 00:41:43,640 --> 00:41:46,129 across anything about this early 1010 00:41:46,130 --> 00:41:48,199 instructive era 1011 00:41:48,200 --> 00:41:50,509 of the time in Moscow, where 1012 00:41:50,510 --> 00:41:52,849 he actually got his instructions, 1013 00:41:52,850 --> 00:41:54,769 why they picked that code over another 1014 00:41:54,770 --> 00:41:55,259 one. 1015 00:41:55,260 --> 00:41:57,319 I'm hearing we might have 1016 00:41:57,320 --> 00:41:59,779 an answer from a very intelligent crowd. 1017 00:41:59,780 --> 00:42:00,780 So OK. 1018 00:42:01,960 --> 00:42:04,069 OK. Other 1019 00:42:04,070 --> 00:42:06,169 encryption that was used has two 1020 00:42:06,170 --> 00:42:09,469 parts. One is this static substitution, 1021 00:42:09,470 --> 00:42:11,689 which is quite unsecure. 1022 00:42:11,690 --> 00:42:14,419 But the book code is 1023 00:42:14,420 --> 00:42:16,999 quite secure unless the book is known, 1024 00:42:17,000 --> 00:42:18,379 which is used for it. 1025 00:42:18,380 --> 00:42:20,569 So you have no way to 1026 00:42:20,570 --> 00:42:23,119 find out which way to 1027 00:42:23,120 --> 00:42:25,909 which which book you use and uses. 1028 00:42:25,910 --> 00:42:28,369 So you also have no way to 1029 00:42:28,370 --> 00:42:30,499 crack this code, so it's 1030 00:42:30,500 --> 00:42:33,049 quite secure a method to encrypt, 1031 00:42:33,050 --> 00:42:34,050 and it's even more 1032 00:42:35,420 --> 00:42:37,880 secure than the method user suggested. 1033 00:42:38,990 --> 00:42:40,969 And there was another question in 1034 00:42:40,970 --> 00:42:43,519 question because why they didn't 1035 00:42:43,520 --> 00:42:45,799 use multiplication instead of 1036 00:42:45,800 --> 00:42:46,820 addition? Mm hmm. 1037 00:42:47,900 --> 00:42:50,179 The trick is that they used 1038 00:42:50,180 --> 00:42:52,639 a different model or 10, 1039 00:42:52,640 --> 00:42:54,559 which wouldn't work if they used 1040 00:42:54,560 --> 00:42:55,560 multiplication. 1041 00:42:58,130 --> 00:42:59,329 Yeah. 1042 00:42:59,330 --> 00:43:00,379 Mm hmm. OK. 1043 00:43:00,380 --> 00:43:02,269 It wouldn't have worked out. 1044 00:43:02,270 --> 00:43:04,459 Yeah. And I see what you 1045 00:43:04,460 --> 00:43:06,529 mean exactly if you just 1046 00:43:06,530 --> 00:43:08,389 multiply. 1047 00:43:08,390 --> 00:43:09,679 Yes. 1048 00:43:09,680 --> 00:43:10,680 Yes. 1049 00:43:11,390 --> 00:43:13,519 Because as long as you have an addition 1050 00:43:13,520 --> 00:43:15,919 of two single 1051 00:43:15,920 --> 00:43:18,049 digit values, you'll stay 1052 00:43:18,050 --> 00:43:20,449 somewhere between zero 1053 00:43:20,450 --> 00:43:21,450 and 1054 00:43:22,610 --> 00:43:24,049 eighteen. 1055 00:43:24,050 --> 00:43:25,879 So you know where you come out? 1056 00:43:25,880 --> 00:43:27,949 Yes. And if you multiply them, you 1057 00:43:27,950 --> 00:43:29,899 can go up to eighty one. 1058 00:43:29,900 --> 00:43:30,949 Yes, exactly. 1059 00:43:30,950 --> 00:43:32,570 And then you have no idea 1060 00:43:33,830 --> 00:43:35,299 what the last number will be. 1061 00:43:35,300 --> 00:43:37,639 Yeah, that's right. 1062 00:43:37,640 --> 00:43:38,640 Thank you. 1063 00:43:40,310 --> 00:43:42,799 I was wondering how they came up with 1064 00:43:42,800 --> 00:43:45,379 this substitution cipher. 1065 00:43:45,380 --> 00:43:46,879 These numbers, you said the most common 1066 00:43:46,880 --> 00:43:48,559 letters were a single digit and the other 1067 00:43:48,560 --> 00:43:50,689 ones were in the range of 80 and 90. 1068 00:43:50,690 --> 00:43:52,609 Is there any mathematical property to 1069 00:43:52,610 --> 00:43:54,079 that that they choose these numbers or 1070 00:43:54,080 --> 00:43:55,080 just for fun? 1071 00:43:56,210 --> 00:43:57,979 Does anybody think there's any 1072 00:43:57,980 --> 00:44:00,499 mathematical reason 1073 00:44:00,500 --> 00:44:03,109 or was Saga just drunk and 1074 00:44:03,110 --> 00:44:04,639 came up with that? 1075 00:44:04,640 --> 00:44:05,969 I think both could be. 1076 00:44:05,970 --> 00:44:07,429 It's a valid reason, valid, 1077 00:44:08,480 --> 00:44:10,909 but I think somebody knows important 1078 00:44:10,910 --> 00:44:11,059 is 1079 00:44:11,060 --> 00:44:13,939 that you have to be without prefix. 1080 00:44:13,940 --> 00:44:16,759 So if you have one and 88, 1081 00:44:16,760 --> 00:44:18,919 you have to be sure that you have no 1082 00:44:18,920 --> 00:44:20,479 letterhead and called it with 18 1083 00:44:21,800 --> 00:44:23,630 because you have to distinguish those. 1084 00:44:26,280 --> 00:44:28,559 Yeah, it's a Huffman and cutting, 1085 00:44:28,560 --> 00:44:30,839 and you just ensure 1086 00:44:30,840 --> 00:44:33,059 that you don't have any prefix in 1087 00:44:33,060 --> 00:44:34,709 another code, right? 1088 00:44:34,710 --> 00:44:36,989 So one is a sort of no other 1089 00:44:36,990 --> 00:44:39,239 battle started with one and then 1090 00:44:39,240 --> 00:44:41,309 you end up with 88 for Q or 1091 00:44:41,310 --> 00:44:42,059 something. 1092 00:44:42,060 --> 00:44:44,309 Yes. OK, so it was not just 1093 00:44:44,310 --> 00:44:45,299 a drunk idea. 1094 00:44:45,300 --> 00:44:46,289 Good. 1095 00:44:46,290 --> 00:44:47,579 It's good to know. The important part of 1096 00:44:47,580 --> 00:44:49,889 that's a good point is that you don't 1097 00:44:49,890 --> 00:44:52,139 use the numbers eight 1098 00:44:52,140 --> 00:44:54,249 and nine with this encryption of 1099 00:44:54,250 --> 00:44:56,039 all of the single digit codes. 1100 00:44:58,260 --> 00:44:59,249 Somebody is. 1101 00:44:59,250 --> 00:44:59,789 Yeah. 1102 00:44:59,790 --> 00:45:02,069 In terms of historical usage 1103 00:45:02,070 --> 00:45:04,139 of book codes, I know that 1104 00:45:04,140 --> 00:45:06,719 the British Special Operations Executive 1105 00:45:06,720 --> 00:45:09,089 was using book ciphers 1106 00:45:09,090 --> 00:45:10,319 during the Second World War. 1107 00:45:10,320 --> 00:45:12,459 In fact, Leo Marks, who was 1108 00:45:12,460 --> 00:45:14,909 associate code master, added 1109 00:45:14,910 --> 00:45:17,219 an additional layer of security 1110 00:45:17,220 --> 00:45:19,499 by scrapping the idea of using books, 1111 00:45:19,500 --> 00:45:21,599 he simply wrote a poem 1112 00:45:21,600 --> 00:45:22,739 for each member of. 1113 00:45:22,740 --> 00:45:25,259 So we handed them the piece of paper 1114 00:45:25,260 --> 00:45:27,779 and said, This is your cipher 1115 00:45:27,780 --> 00:45:30,029 so that he and 1116 00:45:30,030 --> 00:45:32,189 the actual spy were the only people 1117 00:45:32,190 --> 00:45:33,119 who had it. 1118 00:45:33,120 --> 00:45:35,609 But you did say if you had time, 1119 00:45:35,610 --> 00:45:37,649 you'd finish the story. 1120 00:45:37,650 --> 00:45:39,299 What happened to everyone? 1121 00:45:39,300 --> 00:45:40,710 What happened to everyone? 1122 00:45:42,030 --> 00:45:43,229 Yes. Let's. 1123 00:45:49,090 --> 00:45:50,170 Yeah, I'm glad 1124 00:45:51,460 --> 00:45:53,829 there's one more question, maybe 1125 00:45:53,830 --> 00:45:56,139 and and I can tell what happened 1126 00:45:56,140 --> 00:45:57,140 or 1127 00:45:57,670 --> 00:45:59,769 the internet would like to know the 1128 00:45:59,770 --> 00:46:00,770 internet. 1129 00:46:01,960 --> 00:46:03,829 The internet would like to know what 1130 00:46:03,830 --> 00:46:05,949 source said it was through 1131 00:46:05,950 --> 00:46:08,229 and and they've been punished for 1132 00:46:08,230 --> 00:46:09,999 this kind of behavior. 1133 00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:10,989 I'm sorry again 1134 00:46:10,990 --> 00:46:13,059 what the internet would like to know 1135 00:46:13,060 --> 00:46:15,219 what which source says it was 1136 00:46:15,220 --> 00:46:17,349 drunk all the time and whether he 1137 00:46:17,350 --> 00:46:19,059 was being punished for this? 1138 00:46:19,060 --> 00:46:20,279 Yes. 1139 00:46:20,280 --> 00:46:21,219 Yes. 1140 00:46:21,220 --> 00:46:24,219 The sources on Xigaze 1141 00:46:24,220 --> 00:46:26,530 colorful life 1142 00:46:29,080 --> 00:46:30,309 basically. 1143 00:46:30,310 --> 00:46:32,260 Yeah, his his 1144 00:46:33,760 --> 00:46:34,960 people who knew him. 1145 00:46:36,280 --> 00:46:37,280 He was just 1146 00:46:38,530 --> 00:46:40,209 known in this community. 1147 00:46:40,210 --> 00:46:41,139 He was. 1148 00:46:41,140 --> 00:46:43,539 He was just he was a playboy 1149 00:46:43,540 --> 00:46:45,489 and he had some trouble with alcohol. 1150 00:46:45,490 --> 00:46:48,159 And so many people 1151 00:46:48,160 --> 00:46:50,829 reported on that after the war 1152 00:46:50,830 --> 00:46:52,719 that we can just assume that this is 1153 00:46:52,720 --> 00:46:56,289 true. This has been dramatized 1154 00:46:56,290 --> 00:46:58,379 in, especially 1155 00:46:58,380 --> 00:47:00,609 in West German writing on 1156 00:47:00,610 --> 00:47:01,610 XGA. 1157 00:47:03,190 --> 00:47:05,499 There even have been movies 1158 00:47:05,500 --> 00:47:06,500 about him. 1159 00:47:07,270 --> 00:47:09,549 I can recommend if you'd like some 1160 00:47:09,550 --> 00:47:10,550 some 1161 00:47:12,040 --> 00:47:14,259 entertainment on this case, I'd 1162 00:47:14,260 --> 00:47:16,059 recommend the German Japanese 1163 00:47:16,060 --> 00:47:18,909 co-production called Spy Saga. 1164 00:47:18,910 --> 00:47:22,059 It was published in 2003. 1165 00:47:22,060 --> 00:47:24,399 It's very long and 1166 00:47:24,400 --> 00:47:27,519 it's a very good actor playing XGA, 1167 00:47:27,520 --> 00:47:29,979 and there's a lot on this reckless 1168 00:47:29,980 --> 00:47:31,150 behavior, he showed. 1169 00:47:33,130 --> 00:47:34,989 And it's it's actually quite interesting 1170 00:47:34,990 --> 00:47:37,179 that this has been his 1171 00:47:37,180 --> 00:47:38,379 being drunk all the time. 1172 00:47:38,380 --> 00:47:41,709 His affairs with women 1173 00:47:41,710 --> 00:47:43,959 has been pointed 1174 00:47:43,960 --> 00:47:46,329 out in West 1175 00:47:46,330 --> 00:47:48,399 German publications 1176 00:47:48,400 --> 00:47:49,779 on his case. 1177 00:47:49,780 --> 00:47:51,819 Obviously, the Soviet Union and the 1178 00:47:51,820 --> 00:47:53,949 German Democratic Republic, who tried 1179 00:47:53,950 --> 00:47:55,749 to make him a hero, did not talk about 1180 00:47:55,750 --> 00:47:56,750 this. 1181 00:47:59,620 --> 00:48:02,199 Does that answer the internet's question? 1182 00:48:03,730 --> 00:48:04,899 I suppose so. 1183 00:48:04,900 --> 00:48:05,900 Thank you. Good. 1184 00:48:07,420 --> 00:48:09,339 I actually happen to have a book here 1185 00:48:09,340 --> 00:48:10,839 that explains how we came up with the 1186 00:48:10,840 --> 00:48:12,400 substitution cipher, which was 1187 00:48:14,350 --> 00:48:15,350 which one is it? 1188 00:48:19,710 --> 00:48:21,779 And it's it's just a bit 1189 00:48:21,780 --> 00:48:23,909 difficult to explain which 1190 00:48:23,910 --> 00:48:25,559 book just inverts here, but it's OK. 1191 00:48:25,560 --> 00:48:29,309 It's based on a arbitrary 1192 00:48:29,310 --> 00:48:31,919 password, which was a subway 1193 00:48:31,920 --> 00:48:34,229 and also a memorable 1194 00:48:34,230 --> 00:48:36,599 phrase for the eight most frequent 1195 00:48:36,600 --> 00:48:38,669 frequent letters in the in the language. 1196 00:48:38,670 --> 00:48:39,670 OK? Which 1197 00:48:41,820 --> 00:48:44,699 were, interestingly enough, the sentence 1198 00:48:44,700 --> 00:48:46,889 assumed to error, 1199 00:48:46,890 --> 00:48:49,019 which is, as the book puts it, 1200 00:48:49,020 --> 00:48:50,789 good advice for a spy. 1201 00:48:50,790 --> 00:48:52,320 OK, which book is that 1202 00:48:54,240 --> 00:48:55,240 I can't? 1203 00:48:55,950 --> 00:48:57,419 Secrets by? 1204 00:48:57,420 --> 00:48:58,409 OK. 1205 00:48:58,410 --> 00:49:00,299 It's so it's a book about, you know, 1206 00:49:00,300 --> 00:49:02,279 encryption in general. 1207 00:49:02,280 --> 00:49:04,529 Yes. But it has a lot of stuff 1208 00:49:04,530 --> 00:49:06,539 about historic encryption 1209 00:49:06,540 --> 00:49:07,540 and about saga. 1210 00:49:08,460 --> 00:49:09,419 Not a lot of stuff about. 1211 00:49:09,420 --> 00:49:10,469 So I guess. 1212 00:49:10,470 --> 00:49:11,819 Yeah, a little bit. Yeah, he's he's 1213 00:49:11,820 --> 00:49:14,759 mentioned in a lot of books on 1214 00:49:14,760 --> 00:49:16,509 intelligence, history of intelligence in 1215 00:49:16,510 --> 00:49:17,510 general. 1216 00:49:19,300 --> 00:49:21,369 So what happened to everybody? 1217 00:49:24,220 --> 00:49:26,560 The Japanese secret police 1218 00:49:27,700 --> 00:49:30,189 by accident discovered 1219 00:49:30,190 --> 00:49:32,439 this group in nineteen forty 1220 00:49:32,440 --> 00:49:33,939 one, they were looking for something 1221 00:49:33,940 --> 00:49:34,959 completely different. 1222 00:49:34,960 --> 00:49:37,869 They were looking for Japanese communists 1223 00:49:37,870 --> 00:49:40,669 and zarqawi's group was 1224 00:49:40,670 --> 00:49:43,119 he had this his main Japanese 1225 00:49:43,120 --> 00:49:45,849 man, who in turn had 1226 00:49:45,850 --> 00:49:48,069 Japanese informants 1227 00:49:48,070 --> 00:49:50,409 and some of them had connections 1228 00:49:50,410 --> 00:49:53,049 to Japanese American communists. 1229 00:49:53,050 --> 00:49:55,149 And this 1230 00:49:55,150 --> 00:49:57,699 somehow it's not quite clear 1231 00:49:57,700 --> 00:50:00,339 who actually talked in the end, 1232 00:50:00,340 --> 00:50:02,409 who actually pointed out 1233 00:50:02,410 --> 00:50:05,289 this whole connection 1234 00:50:05,290 --> 00:50:07,359 going from Japanese-American 1235 00:50:07,360 --> 00:50:09,669 communists to Japanese Communists 1236 00:50:09,670 --> 00:50:11,919 to Zarqawi to Zagar, and which 1237 00:50:11,920 --> 00:50:13,989 set up this chain reaction leading 1238 00:50:13,990 --> 00:50:16,509 to the arrest of Zogg and his 1239 00:50:16,510 --> 00:50:17,510 compatriots. 1240 00:50:18,790 --> 00:50:20,889 But the fact is, 1241 00:50:20,890 --> 00:50:22,959 in October of 1941, 1242 00:50:22,960 --> 00:50:25,449 Zager was Archie Klausen. 1243 00:50:25,450 --> 00:50:27,879 Everybody else in his group was arrested, 1244 00:50:27,880 --> 00:50:30,249 and the Japanese actually thought that 1245 00:50:30,250 --> 00:50:32,709 saga was a German spy, 1246 00:50:32,710 --> 00:50:34,659 which was an uncomfortable situation 1247 00:50:34,660 --> 00:50:37,629 because Japan and Germany had a pact. 1248 00:50:37,630 --> 00:50:40,659 They were allies, and that was very 1249 00:50:40,660 --> 00:50:42,879 sensitive to have someone to believe 1250 00:50:42,880 --> 00:50:46,119 he's been spying for Germany in Japan, 1251 00:50:46,120 --> 00:50:48,189 and even the German ambassador 1252 00:50:48,190 --> 00:50:50,349 couldn't believe that XGA had betrayed 1253 00:50:50,350 --> 00:50:51,249 him. 1254 00:50:51,250 --> 00:50:53,469 And at some point, everybody just 1255 00:50:53,470 --> 00:50:55,779 talked because 1256 00:50:55,780 --> 00:50:58,179 I think in October 1941, 1257 00:50:58,180 --> 00:51:00,759 Zagar was very sick. 1258 00:51:00,760 --> 00:51:03,759 He was disillusioned 1259 00:51:03,760 --> 00:51:05,529 because nobody had believed him. 1260 00:51:05,530 --> 00:51:07,059 He got negative 1261 00:51:08,170 --> 00:51:10,359 messages from Moscow, basically 1262 00:51:10,360 --> 00:51:12,399 saying that he was a liar and his 1263 00:51:12,400 --> 00:51:13,750 information was wrong. 1264 00:51:15,880 --> 00:51:18,729 He had personal trouble and he just 1265 00:51:18,730 --> 00:51:20,799 he thought, OK, his mission is over. 1266 00:51:20,800 --> 00:51:22,959 He has informed the Soviet Union about 1267 00:51:22,960 --> 00:51:25,089 everything. So at some point, I 1268 00:51:25,090 --> 00:51:27,369 believe he just gave up and he talked 1269 00:51:27,370 --> 00:51:28,869 and Klausen talked. 1270 00:51:28,870 --> 00:51:31,299 And the Japanese secret police finally 1271 00:51:31,300 --> 00:51:33,459 found out what these numbers meant 1272 00:51:33,460 --> 00:51:34,900 because Klausen explained it all. 1273 00:51:36,100 --> 00:51:38,619 And then Zagar 1274 00:51:38,620 --> 00:51:40,959 and Ozaki were sentenced 1275 00:51:40,960 --> 00:51:43,059 to death under 1276 00:51:43,060 --> 00:51:45,369 the Japanese peace preservation law, 1277 00:51:45,370 --> 00:51:47,559 which did not actually apply to what 1278 00:51:47,560 --> 00:51:49,809 they did. But it was not a fair 1279 00:51:49,810 --> 00:51:52,179 trial. It was war, and they fabricated 1280 00:51:52,180 --> 00:51:53,409 something. 1281 00:51:53,410 --> 00:51:55,659 And after Zygier was sentenced 1282 00:51:55,660 --> 00:51:57,729 to death, Japan 1283 00:51:57,730 --> 00:52:00,009 tried to exchange him. 1284 00:52:00,010 --> 00:52:02,079 They contacted Moscow trying 1285 00:52:02,080 --> 00:52:04,659 to exchange Saga for a Japanese 1286 00:52:04,660 --> 00:52:07,119 spy, and Moscow said, 1287 00:52:07,120 --> 00:52:08,709 We have no idea who you are talking 1288 00:52:08,710 --> 00:52:10,449 about. We don't know this person. 1289 00:52:11,470 --> 00:52:13,779 And in the end, in 1290 00:52:13,780 --> 00:52:15,939 November of 1944, Zog and 1291 00:52:15,940 --> 00:52:17,949 Ozaki were executed. 1292 00:52:20,530 --> 00:52:22,809 Klausen was sentenced to 1293 00:52:22,810 --> 00:52:26,079 life in prison, was released 1294 00:52:26,080 --> 00:52:28,329 in 1945, when 1295 00:52:28,330 --> 00:52:30,549 the Japanese peace preservation law 1296 00:52:30,550 --> 00:52:32,889 was rescinded and political prisoners 1297 00:52:32,890 --> 00:52:34,869 were let go. 1298 00:52:34,870 --> 00:52:37,089 And before 1299 00:52:37,090 --> 00:52:39,429 the American authorities 1300 00:52:39,430 --> 00:52:41,529 even realized two, they had 1301 00:52:41,530 --> 00:52:43,449 just led out of prison there. 1302 00:52:43,450 --> 00:52:45,489 The Soviet Union came and 1303 00:52:46,600 --> 00:52:48,369 whisked Clausen and his wife out of the 1304 00:52:48,370 --> 00:52:50,679 country, and 1305 00:52:50,680 --> 00:52:53,019 they were allowed to move 1306 00:52:53,020 --> 00:52:55,449 to Berlin at first 1307 00:52:55,450 --> 00:52:57,879 until nineteen sixty four during 1308 00:52:57,880 --> 00:53:00,639 the still Stalinist era. 1309 00:53:00,640 --> 00:53:02,619 There was no talk at all about the Zygier 1310 00:53:02,620 --> 00:53:04,689 case in the Soviet Union and in 1311 00:53:04,690 --> 00:53:06,879 eastern Germany, and after 1312 00:53:06,880 --> 00:53:09,249 nineteen sixty four xGA was 1313 00:53:09,250 --> 00:53:11,949 made to be a hero of the Soviet Union. 1314 00:53:11,950 --> 00:53:13,629 It was actually the first time that the 1315 00:53:13,630 --> 00:53:16,389 Soviet Union officially acknowledged 1316 00:53:16,390 --> 00:53:18,549 that they had spies 1317 00:53:18,550 --> 00:53:20,109 elsewhere. 1318 00:53:20,110 --> 00:53:22,239 And then, after nineteen sixty 1319 00:53:22,240 --> 00:53:24,729 four, Clausen and his wife became minor 1320 00:53:24,730 --> 00:53:27,129 celebrities in the GDR, 1321 00:53:27,130 --> 00:53:29,619 going on talking tours 1322 00:53:29,620 --> 00:53:32,320 in schools telling about their heroic 1323 00:53:34,450 --> 00:53:35,800 duties during the war. 1324 00:53:38,470 --> 00:53:42,369 Who else will saga was executed 1325 00:53:42,370 --> 00:53:43,659 exactly as well. 1326 00:53:44,680 --> 00:53:46,989 One other member of his group, 1327 00:53:46,990 --> 00:53:49,149 one European, who worked for a 1328 00:53:49,150 --> 00:53:52,329 French newspaper, died in prison 1329 00:53:52,330 --> 00:53:54,340 in the beginning of 1945 1330 00:53:55,360 --> 00:53:57,819 as August's Russian wife 1331 00:53:57,820 --> 00:53:59,889 was deported to Siberia 1332 00:53:59,890 --> 00:54:00,939 to shut her up 1333 00:54:02,080 --> 00:54:03,159 and died. 1334 00:54:03,160 --> 00:54:05,709 Also of the harsh conditions 1335 00:54:05,710 --> 00:54:07,059 before the war was over. 1336 00:54:12,090 --> 00:54:14,399 OK, that's not a very happy, 1337 00:54:14,400 --> 00:54:15,809 no end point and 1338 00:54:15,810 --> 00:54:17,009 not a happy ending. 1339 00:54:17,010 --> 00:54:18,059 I'm sorry. 1340 00:54:18,060 --> 00:54:19,709 Sorry for the mood kills. 1341 00:54:19,710 --> 00:54:21,869 But yeah, were you finished perfectly on 1342 00:54:21,870 --> 00:54:23,309 time? No. Perfect. 1343 00:54:23,310 --> 00:54:24,419 Yeah. Very nice. 1344 00:54:24,420 --> 00:54:25,679 Thank you again very, very much. 1345 00:54:25,680 --> 00:54:27,299 That was really interesting.